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"Pada era sentralisasi dan diberlakukannya UU No. 5 tahun 1974 tentang pokok-pokok pemerintahan di daerah , perluasan kota banyak terjadi pada kota-kota yang penduduknya bertambah pesat...."

"Laporan ini berisi tentang salah satu aplikasi sistem embedded yaitu untuk menghangsilkan sinyal sembarang analog berbasis pewaktuan. Predasi yang dilakukan oleh ikan kembung terhadap kerang telah mengurangi jumlah produksi kerang. Untuk itu, diperlukan sebuah piranti yang efektif untuk menghalau ikan tersebut dari area pengumpulan kerang. Pendekatan yang dilakukan adalah mengaplikasikan teknologi suara bawah laut dengan pembangkit sinyal yang bekerja secara otonom. Sebagai penghasil sinyal, saya menggunakan development kit EFM32 berbasis mikrokontroler CORTEX M3. Karakter sinyal adalah sembarang dan dipancarkan oleh pengeras suara bawah air. Piranti ini dapat dioperasikan oleh pengguna dengan mengatur saklar untuk menentukan frekuensi dan kemunculan sinyal tersebut.

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I have studied one of many applications of embedded system technology. Here I use it to produce repulsive random analog signal based on timing. Predation by bream shells disrupted the production of many shells. To solve this problem will require an effective tool to repel the sea bream. The approach I have used is to imply underwater sound technology using autonomous signal generator. To produce the signal, I have used EFM32 Development Kit that based on microcontroller CORTEX M3. The characteristic of signal is random and will be emitted by underwater speakers. The tool can be operated simply by using switch controller to adjust band frequency and recurrence of the signal."

"Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh terjadinya peningkatan jumlah pembentukan DOB di Indonesia. Hanya dalam waktu setengah dekade bertambah menjadi lima kali lipat. Kurun waktu 1999-2009 menunjukkan kenaikan yang signifikan, jumlah provinsi naik 27%, kabupaten 70,1%, dan jumlah kota 57,6%. Sampai dengan bulan Juni 2009, telah terbentuk 205 DOB, yang terdiri dari 7 provinsi, 164 kabupaten, dan 34 kota. Sehingga, total DOB saat ini berjumlah 33 Provinsi, 398 Kabupaten dan 93 Kota, ditambah 5 Kota dan 1 Kabupaten Administratif di Provinsi DKI Jakarta. Adapun kenaikan jumlah pembentukan DOB melalui hak usul inisiatif DPR, meningkat 91% (53 DOB), terdiri dari 1 provinsi, 46 kabupaten, dan 6 kota. Pemerintah sendiri hanya mengusulkan 5 DOB (8,6%), terdiri dari 4 kabupaten, dan 1 kota. Kentalnya faktor politis dalam isu pembentukan DOB masih menjadi hambatan bagi pengendaliannya. Sebagai pijakan teoritis, penelitian ini menggunakan teori proses politik dari Roy C. Macridis dan Carlton Clymer Rodee, teori elit dari Vilpredo Pareto, teori pemekaran daerah dari Gabriele Ferrazzi, dan teori primordialisme dari Clifford Gertz dan Ramlan Surbakti. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif, dengan teknik analisis deskriptif. Sedangkan teknik pengumpulan data berdasarkan dokumen tertulis, baik risalah rapat Pansus, Panja, Timus Komisi II dan Paripurna DPR RI atau dokumen terkait dari lembaga-lembaga lainnya, termasuk wawancara mendalam dengan anggota Panja Komisi II DPR RI. Temuan dilapangan menunjukkan proses pembentukan Kabupaten Mamberamo Tengah merupakan tuntutan masyarakat melalui tokoh adat, tokoh agama, elit politik dan birokrasi, menggunakan pendekatan formal dan informal untuk mendesak Anggota Komisi II DPR RI segera memprosesnya menjadi hak usul inisiatif. Oleh karena itu, pembentukan DOB merupakan tindakan politis, karena beberapa ketentuan, syarat dan mekanisme administratif seringkali diabaikan. Bahkan tuntutan tersebut juga dipengaruhi adanya kontrak politik elit, transaksi ekonomi politik, dan kepentingan pembentukan daerah pemilihan dalam pemilu. Implikasi teoritis menunjukkan aktualisasi maupun sikap atas perilaku politik seperti dijelaskan Roy C. Macridis dalam tuntutan pembentukan Kabupaten Mamberamo Tengah disampaikan kelompok masyarakat adat dan didukung organisasi agama, menjadi kepentingan bersama untuk mewujudkan keadilan, pemerataan, persamaan, kesejahteraan dan kemakmuran, diagregasikan partai politik di daerah dan pusat agar dapat dibahas melalui mekanisme sistem politik. Kepentingan tersebut terealisasi karena adanya sekelompok elit sesuai dengan pendapat Pareto seperti tokoh adat, agama dan partai politik di daerah dan pusat yang berperan mengawalnya dalam lembaga politik.

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This research is motivated by the increasing number of the establishment of DOB in Indonesia. In just a decade it has conducted for five times. The period of 1999-2009 showed a significant increase, up to 27% for the number of provinces, 70.1% for the districts, and 57.6% for the number of cities. As June 2009, has formed 205 DOB, which consists of 7 provinces, 164 countries, and 34 cities. Thus, currently number for total DOB is 33 provinces, 398 districts and 93 cities, plus 5 and 1 District Administrative City in Jakarta. The number of initiative right proposal for DOB establishment through parliaments is increasing as well, 91% (53 DOB), consists of 1 province, 46 districts and 6 cities. The government itself is only proposed 5 DOB (8.6%), consists of 4 districts and 1 city. The strong political factor in the issue of the DOB formation is still an obstacle to its control. As a theoretical foundation, this study uses the theory of the political process from Roy C. Macridis and Carlton Clymer Rodee, elite theory of Vilpredo Pareto, the theory of area of Gabriele Ferrazzi, and primordial theory of Clifford Gertz and Ramlan Surbakti.

This study used qualitative methods, the descriptive analysis techniques. While data collection techniques based on written documents, minutes of meetings with the Special Committee, Working Committee, Drafting Team, the Plenary Commission II of the parliaments, and related documents from other institutions, including in-depth interviews with members of the Working Committee. Field findings show the process of formation of the District Central Mamberamo a requirement of society through traditional leaders, religious leaders, political and bureaucratic elite, using formal and informal approaches to urge Members of Commission II of the parliaments immediately proceed to the right of initiative proposal. Therefore, formation of DOB is a political act, because some of the provisions, terms and administrative mechanism are often overlooked. Even these demands also influenced the contract by the political elite, transactions political economy, and the interests of formation of constituencies in the election. Theoretical implications indicate that the actualization of the political behavior and attitudes as explained by Roy C. Macridis shown in the demand for the District Central Mamberamo delivered and supported indigenous groups of religious organizations, to realize the common interest of justice, equity, equality, welfare and prosperity, aggregated regional and national political party in order to enter the political system mechanism. While the benefit is realized because of the elite group is in accordance with the concept of Pareto, such as the presence of traditional leaders, religious and political parties, whose role is to bring the interests and escorted into the political institutions."

"[ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Kusta merupakan penyakit infeksi penyebab neuropati perifer paling sering. Neuropati otonom merupakan salah satu neuropati perifer yang perlu dideteksi dini dengan pemeriksaan sederhana untuk mencegah kecacatan lebih lanjut karena memiliki gejala subklinis. Tujuan: Menguji sensitivitas dan spesifisitas pemeriksaan Stimulated Skin Wrinkle (SSW) terhadap Sudoscan dalam mendeteksi neuropati otonom pada kusta multibasiler. Metode penelitian: Penelitian menggunakan uji diagnostik pemeriksaan SSW terhadap Sudoscan pada penderita kusta multibasiler yang telah didiagnosis di poliklinik Kulit dan Kelamin RS Cipto Mangunkusumo, Jakarta. Penelitian dilakukan selama tiga bulan (Maret-Mei 2015). Anamnesis, pemeriksaan fisik, SSW dengan krim Eutectic mixture of local anesthetic (EMLA), dan Sudoscan dilakukan pada setiap subjek penelitian. Hasil dianalisis untuk mendapatkan nilai sensitivitas dan spesifisitas. Hasil: Diperoleh 70 subyek penelitian. Prevalensi gangguan otonom berdasarkan pemeriksaan SSW, Sudoscan dan klinis berturut-turut sebesar 64.3%, 32.9% dan 85.7%. Berdasarkan kurva ROC pemeriksaan SSW terhadap Sudoscan, didapatkan nilai AUC sebesar 0,779. Setelah diuji dengan tabel 2x2 didapatkan nilai sensitivitas 95.7%, spesifisitas 51.1%, nilai prediksi positif 48.9% dan nilai prediksi negatif 96%. Kesimpulan: Pemeriksaan SSW dapat menjadi pemeriksaan penyaring yang sederhana dalam mendeteksi neuropati otonom pada kusta tipe multibasiler, dengan sensitivitas yang tinggi.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Leprosy is the commonest infectious disease causes peripheral neuropathy. Autonomic neuropathy is a peripheral neuropathy that is important to detect with a simple examination to prevent further disability because the subclinical manifestation. Objective: Examine the sensitivity and specificity of Stimulated Skin Wrinkle (SSW) examination against Sudoscan to detect autonomic neuropathy in multibacillary leprosy. Method: The study consists of diagnostic test of SSW examination upon Sudoscan among multibacillary leprosy patients previously diagnosed in the Dermatology & Venerealogy Clinic in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta. The study was conducted in three months (March-May 2015). History, physical examination, SSW with Eutectic mixture of local anesthetic (EMLA) cream, and Sudoscan was performed upon every subject. Results are analyzed to obtain sensitivity and specificity level. Results: There are 70 subjects participated. Prevalence of autonomic disturbance by SSW, Sudoscan and clinical are 64.3%, 32.9% and 85.7% respectively. Based on ROC curve of the SSW examination against Sudoscan, the obtained AUC value is 0.779. After testing with chi-square, the following values were obtained: sensitivity 95.7%, specificity 51.1%, positive predictive value 48.9%, and negative predictive value 96%. Conclusion: SSW examination is a simple screening test that can detect autonomic neuropathy among multibacillary leprosy, with high sensitivity.;Background: Leprosy is the commonest infectious disease causes peripheral neuropathy. Autonomic neuropathy is a peripheral neuropathy that is important to detect with a simple examination to prevent further disability because the subclinical manifestation. Objective: Examine the sensitivity and specificity of Stimulated Skin Wrinkle (SSW) examination against Sudoscan to detect autonomic neuropathy in multibacillary leprosy. Method: The study consists of diagnostic test of SSW examination upon Sudoscan among multibacillary leprosy patients previously diagnosed in the Dermatology & Venerealogy Clinic in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta. The study was conducted in three months (March-May 2015). History, physical examination, SSW with Eutectic mixture of local anesthetic (EMLA) cream, and Sudoscan was performed upon every subject. Results are analyzed to obtain sensitivity and specificity level. Results: There are 70 subjects participated. Prevalence of autonomic disturbance by SSW, Sudoscan and clinical are 64.3%, 32.9% and 85.7% respectively. Based on ROC curve of the SSW examination against Sudoscan, the obtained AUC value is 0.779. After testing with chi-square, the following values were obtained: sensitivity 95.7%, specificity 51.1%, positive predictive value 48.9%, and negative predictive value 96%. Conclusion: SSW examination is a simple screening test that can detect autonomic neuropathy among multibacillary leprosy, with high sensitivity., Background: Leprosy is the commonest infectious disease causes peripheral neuropathy. Autonomic neuropathy is a peripheral neuropathy that is important to detect with a simple examination to prevent further disability because the subclinical manifestation. Objective: Examine the sensitivity and specificity of Stimulated Skin Wrinkle (SSW) examination against Sudoscan to detect autonomic neuropathy in multibacillary leprosy. Method: The study consists of diagnostic test of SSW examination upon Sudoscan among multibacillary leprosy patients previously diagnosed in the Dermatology & Venerealogy Clinic in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta. The study was conducted in three months (March-May 2015). History, physical examination, SSW with Eutectic mixture of local anesthetic (EMLA) cream, and Sudoscan was performed upon every subject. Results are analyzed to obtain sensitivity and specificity level. Results: There are 70 subjects participated. Prevalence of autonomic disturbance by SSW, Sudoscan and clinical are 64.3%, 32.9% and 85.7% respectively. Based on ROC curve of the SSW examination against Sudoscan, the obtained AUC value is 0.779. After testing with chi-square, the following values were obtained: sensitivity 95.7%, specificity 51.1%, positive predictive value 48.9%, and negative predictive value 96%. Conclusion: SSW examination is a simple screening test that can detect autonomic neuropathy among multibacillary leprosy, with high sensitivity.]"

"Skripsi ini membahas tentang hak dan kebebasan perempuan dalam perkawinan menurut salah satu tokoh feminisme yaitu Betty Friedan yang dikaji secara filosofis. Skripsi ini memaparkan masalah-masalah yang dihadapi perempuan di dalam perkawinan, mulai dari masalah keluarga, budaya, dan sosial politik. Ide-ide filosofis Friedan seperti bagaimana perempuan harus menjadi pribadi yang otonom, adanya kesetaraan antara laki-laki dan perempuan, serta perempuan dipandang sebagai subjek yang utuh bukan dipandang hanya sebagai objek.

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This thesis discuss the rights and freedom of women in marriage according to one of the feminist?s characters, Betty Friedan which is studied philosophically. This thesis describes the problems which is faced by women in marriage, starts from family problems, cultural, social and political. Friedan philosophical?s ideas such as how women should be an autonomous individual, equality between men and women, and women are seen as the whole subject not only seen merely as objects."

"Skripsi ini akan menganalisa Sistem Persenjataan Otomatis Mematikan/Lethal Auotonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS), suatu sistem senjata baru yang dapat beroperasi tanpa campur tangan manusia. Analisa terhadap LAWS didasari pada prinsip dasar hukum humaniter, yaitu prinsip pembedaan dan proporsionalitas, serta aturan dasar persenjataan, yaitu Larangan Indiscriminate Weapons, Larangan Pengguaan Senjata yang mengakibatkan Superfluous Injury dan Unncessary Suffering, dan Klausa Martens. Penelitian ini bersumber dari studi kepustakaan dengan metode yuridis normatif. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa perlu dibuat suatu ketentuan yang bersifat pembatasan (restriction) terhadap pengembangan dan penggunaan LAWS.

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This undergraduate thesis seeks out to analyze the use of Lethal Autonomous Weapon System (LAWS), a newly-invented weapon system which is capable to elf-operate without any human intervention. Analysis of the LAWS is based on he basic principles of humanitarian laws, namely, principle of distinction and rinciple of proportionality, as well as basic weaponry rules, such as Prohibition n Indiscriminate Weapons, Prohohibitions on Weapons that cause Superfluous njury and Unncessary Suffering, and Martens Clause. The research comes from iterature study with normative juridical method. Based on this research, it can be oncluded that a provision of a restriction nature shall be made to regulate the evelopment and use of LAWS."