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Abstrak :
This article deals with traditional literature of the Pakpak-Dairi and Karo peoples in North Sumatra, who are speakers of closely related Batak languages and have many common features in their language and culture. Their traditional life-style, based on agriculture and the use of forest products, requires the regular performance of community rituals featuring songs, dance, music and other oral traditions including storytelling. The songs, prayers, and stories belonging to their literary tradition have characteristic features that are intimately connected with the social context in which they are created and performed. Karo and Pakpak-Dairi oral genres often contain information about the natural environment, local customs and religious concepts. They may also reflect perceptions of relationships with neighbouring groups, such as the Minangkabau and the Malays who live in the coastal areas.

Abstrak :
The article discusses Malay oral traditions and emphasizes the shamanistic aspects of these traditions. Shamans often recite mantras in the execution of their role in society. The role of the shaman, their self proclaimed knowledge, shamans and their economic activities, black magic and healthcare in Malay society are discussed, as well as the shaman?s role in Dayak ritual. Each aspect is discussed in combination with the mantra the shaman utters.

Abstrak :
Tesis ini merupakan penelitian tentang tradisi lisan Kaago-ago pada saat bercocok tanam jagung dalam masyarakat Muna di Sulawesi Tenggara. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkapkan bentuk keterancaman dan model pewarisan Kaago-ago pada masyarakat Muna sekarang ini. Sumber data diperoleh dari data lapangan dan studi pustaka. Penelitian menggunakan beberapa konsep dan teori yang berhubungan dengan pewarisan tradisi lisan, dan metode etnografi. Dengan pendekatan metode etnografi, pengetahuan tentang bentuk keterancaman dan pewarisan Kaago-ago kepada generasi muda dapat diungkapkan. Selain itu, kondisi sosial budaya masyarakat setempat yang mempengaruhi eksistensi Kaago-ago dapat pula diungkapkan. Selain itu juga dengan metode etnografi dapat diketahui tentang pelaksanaan ritual, dan makna Kaago-ago. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pewarisan Kaago-ago pada masyarakat Muna sekarang ini dilakukan secara formal dan non formal, namun tidak berjalan dengan baik. Kemudian keterancaman Kaago-ago disebabkan oleh dua faktor, yaitu faktor eksternal dan faktor internal seperti pengaruh budaya luar sulawesi, kemajuan IPTEK, ekonomi, agama dan budaya global. Dalam hasil penelitian ini juga menjelaskan strategi menghadapi keterancaman dalam eksistensi ritual Kaago-ago saat ini adalah dengan penguatan identitas, dilakukan secara edukasi, strategi ditunjukan untuk meningkatkan kualitas hidup masyarakat, serta pemberdayaan terhadap masyarakat lokal. ......This thesis is a study of Kaago-ago oral tradition in corn planting in the community Muna in Southeast.This study aims to reveal Threatened shape and model of inheritance Kaago-ago Muna on today's society. Sources of data obtained from field data and literature. Research using some of the concepts and theories associated with inheritance of oral tradition, And methods ethnography. With the approach of ethnographic methods, knowledge of the shape and inheritance Threatened Kaago-ago to the younger generation may be disclosed. In addition, local social and cultural conditions which affect the existence Kaago-ago can also be disclosed. In addition to the methods of ethnography can be known about the rituals, and meaning Kaago-ago. The results showed that the inheritance Kaago-ago Muna on today's society conducted formal and non-formal, but did not go well. Then Threatened Kaago-ago due to two factors, namely external and internal factors such as the influence of foreign cultures Sulawesi, advancement of science and technology, economics, religion and global culture. In the results of this study also explains the existence strategy face Threatened Kaago-ago ritual today is the strengthening of identity, education done, the strategy is shown to improve the quality of life, as well as the empowerment of the local communities.