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"ABSTRAKDiagnosis gangguan penghidu memerlukan pemeriksaan yang akurat. Saat ini Departemen THT-KL RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo menggunakan Sniffin? Sticks sebagai pemeriksaan rutin. Uji penghidu intravena (UPI) merupakan pemeriksaan penghidu sederhana yang dapat melengkapi pemeriksaan Sniffin? Sticks dalam menilai jalur retronasal dan prognosis. Tujuan: Mengetahui sebaran nilai normal ambang penghidu berdasarkan UPI pada subjek dewasa tanpa gangguan penghidu. Metode: Penelitian potong lintang deskriptif yang dilakukan di Unit Rawat Jalan Terpadu THT-KL RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo periode Januari-Februari 2016 dengan melibatkan 55 subjek normosmia. Hasil: Rerata (± simpang baku) nilai normal ambang berdasarkan UPI adalah 16,29 ± 5,52 detik dengan persentil 5 pada 9,46 detik dan persentil 90 pada 22,99 detik. Tidak terdapat korelasi antara hasil pemeriksaan ambang penghidu berdasarkan UPI dengan ambang penghidu maupun skor total pemeriksaan Sniffin? Sticks. Kesimpulan: Uji penghidu intravena dapat diaplikasikan dalam evaluasi fungsi penghidu sebagai pelengkap Sniffin? Sticks.

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ABSTRACTBackground: The diagnosis of olfactory loss needs accurate examinations. At this moment, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery (ORL-HNS) has used Sniffin? Sticks as a routine examination. Intravenous olfaction test (IOT) is a simple examination to complement the Sniffin? Sticks examination( due to its ability to evaluate retronasal pathway and prognosis. Objective: To investigate the normative value of olfactory threshold using the IOT in adult subjects without olfactory loss. Method: This research is a cross sectional, descriptive study took place at ORL-HNS Outpatient Clinic of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital included 55 normosmia subjects in January-February 2016. Results: Normative value of olfactory threshold using IOT was 16,29 ± 5,52 seconds (mean ± standard deviation) with the 5th percentile on 9,46 seconds and 90th percentile on 22,99 seconds. There was no correlation between the olfactory threshold results based on IOT with the olfactory threshold or the overall score of Sniffin? Sticks. Conclusion: Intravenous olfactory test is applicable for the evaluation of olfactory function, complementing the Sniffin? Sticks examination."

"ABSTRAKTelah dilakukan penelitian mengenai pengaruh pengayaan olfaktori terhadap perilaku adaptif populasi harimau sumatra di Taman Margasatwa Ragunan (TMR).  Pengayaan olfaktori yang diberikan berupa feses babi hutan (Sus scrofa) dan rusa sambar (Rusa unicolor).  Pengamatan berlangsung selama tujuh pekan efektif dengan komposisi tiga pekan pengamatan awal, dua pekan pengayaan, dan dua pekan pascapengayaan.  Pengambilan data seluruhnya menggunakan ethogram digital sebagai upaya peningkatan efisiensi penelitian.  Data utama berupa jenis, durasi, dan frekuensi perilaku untuk penghitungan time budget.  Data tambahan berupa pola interaksi dan penggunaan ruang digunakan sebagai bahan pertimbangan dalam analisis.  Peningkatkan efisiensi pengambilan data tercapai melalui sistem pencatat otomatis untuk perilaku, waktu, posisi, dan objek interaksi.  Analisis statistika menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan pada persentase perilaku adaptif antara periode pengamatan awal (9,772 ± 1,920%) dan periode pengayaan (1,128 ± 0,289%).  Penurunan persentase perilaku adaptif diikuti oleh peningkatan perilaku eksplorasi positif.  Eksplorasi positif ditandai dengan perilaku interaksi dan lokomosi.  Peningkatan perilaku lokomosi bertahan hingga pemberian pengayaan dihentikan.  Perubahan level perilaku timbul karena adanya fluktuasi pada stimulus dalam kandang.  Dapat disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan ethogram digital mampu mempermudah proses observasi perilaku langsung.  Kesimpulan lain yang dapat ditarik dari penelitian ini yaitu pemberian pengayaan olfaktori dapat mengurangi prevalensi kemunculan perilaku adaptif harimau sumatra di TMR.

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This research observed the effects of olfactory enrichments on the adaptive behavior of captive Sumatran tigers at Ragunan Zoological Park.  Olfactory enrichment was given in form of fresh prey feces obtained from Ragunan herbivore enclosures.  Observation ran for seven weeks with three weeks of baseline observation, two weeks of enrichment, and two weeks of post-enrichment observation.  The data collection process was entirely done through digital ethogram as an effort to optimize the research.  Core data consisted of behavior type, duration, and frequency.  Additional data included spatial mapping and interactions between tigers and objects.  Efficiency of data collection process was successfully improved through automatic recording of time, behavior, tiger position in the enclosure, and interaction targets.  Statistical analysis of time budget revealed significant differences between the prevalence of adaptive behavior pre-enrichment (9.8 ± 1.92%) and during enrichment (1.1 ± 0.29%).  Lowered levels of adaptive behavior is followed by an increase in positive exploratory behavior.  Positive exploratory behavior consists of behaviors from Interaction and Locomotion categories.  The increase in locomotion is observed even after enrichment ceased to be given.  Changes in behavior resulted from fluctuation of stimulus that the tigers were exposed to within the enclosure.  It can be concluded that digital ethogram increases the efficiency of data recording in direct observation and that olfactory enrichment influences the prevalence of Sumatran tiger adaptive behavior at Ragunan Zoological Park.

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"Aroma merupakan salah satu substansi ruang yang selalu dirasakan oleh manusia, namun kehadirannya dalam ruang yang dirancang tidak selalu dimanfaatkan dengan baik. Skripsi ini membahas peran dan pengaruh aroma di dalam ruang, khususnya ruang ritel. Aroma diyakini memiliki peran dalam memberikan karakter terhadap sebuah ruang, dan dapat dijadikan sebagai alat penentu ambang dan dimensi ruang, serta mampu menjadi sensasi yang memicu perilaku dan gerak tertentu manusia. Dalam ruang ritel, hadirnya aroma dapat memberikan identitas terhadap merek tertentu, membuat merek tersebut lebih mudah dikenali. Aroma juga mengekspansi ruang secara tidak kasat mata dan mampu menggugah perasaan manusia terhadap ruang yang dialaminya. Perasaan-perasaan yang timbul lalu memicu gerak dan perilaku beli yang bersifat reflek dan impulsif.

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Scent is one of many space substances that is always experienced by humans, but its presence in a designed space is not always put to a good use. This thesis discussed how far the presence of scents can enrich someone rsquo s experience in retail spaces. Scent is believed to have a role in providing character to a space. It can be used as a determinant of threshold and dimension of a space, and capable to triggers certain human behavior and motion. In retail spaces, the presence of fragrance can provide identity to a particular brand, making it easier to remembered. It has the ability to expand spaces in intangible way and able to arouse human certain feelings to the space experienced. Later these feelings that arise through experiencing spaces can trigger movements and buying behavior that is impulsive."

"Indera penciuman manusia dapat turut serta memperkaya pengalaman ruang seseorang khususnya secara emosional. Skripsi ini memaparkan perwujudan ruang arsitektur oleh aroma serta sejauh mana aroma mempengaruhi pengalaman ruang manusia. Hubungan aroma dengan manusia tergantung pada persepsi setiap individu, durasi kontak dengan aroma dan konsentrasi aroma dalam udara. Hubungan tersebut menentukan posisi aroma sebagai pull-in factor atau push-out factor bagi pengguna ruang. Hasil analisis dari studi pustaka dan studi kasus menunjukkan bahwa aroma memiliki peran dan pengaruh yang berbeda-beda pada jenis-jenis ruang yang berbeda pula. Aroma yang hadir secara alami maupun yang dihadirkan secara sengaja akan memunculkan spatial awareness yang memberikan karakter dan rasa pada ruang masing-masing. Maka dari itu, aroma merupakan salah satu bentuk bahasa ruang yang dapat mengatur pengguna ruang serta mampu membangun sebuah identitas ruang yang mudah diingat. Aroma juga memiliki kemampuan untuk menciptakan dimensi-dimensi yang mendefinisikan batas-batas pembentuk ruang yang tidak kasat mata dapat mempengaruhi gerak dan perilaku manusia sebagai pengguna ruang.

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The sense of smell enriches one?s experience of space emotionally eventhough the presence of scent in our everyday space has not been much noted and taken into consideration of architectural design. This paper tries to reveal scent?s ability of creating architectural space and to see scents capacity on influencing one?s experience of space. Human?s relationship with scent arise from the dependence on individual perception, duration of contact with scent and the scent?s concentration within the air, which determine the role of scent whether as a pull-in or a push-out factor.

The result of literature and case studies shows that scent has different roles and influences due to the diverse types of space. Scents naturally and artificially raise spatial awareness on different levels which brings character and mood into each space. Therefore, scent can be considered as a language of space that is capable of telling the user to act in certain ways and building easy-to-remember identities to certain places. As scent defines invisible space boundaries, it forms architectural space which would influence the movement and behavior of users."

"This reference work presents the origins of cells for tissue engineering and regeneration, including primary cells, tissue-specific stem cells, pluripotent stem cells and trans-differentiated or reprogrammed cells. There is particular emphasis on current understanding of tissue regeneration based on embryology and evolution studies, including mechanisms of amphibian regeneration. The book covers the use of autologous versus allogeneic cell sources, as well as various procedures used for cell isolation and cell pre-conditioning , such as cell sorting, biochemical and biophysical pre-conditioning, transfection and aggregation. It also presents cell modulation using growth factors, molecular factors, epigenetic approaches, changes in biophysical environment, cellular co-culture and other elements of the cellular microenvironment. The pathways of cell delivery are discussed with respect to specific clinical situations, including delivery of ex vivo manipulated cells via local and systemic routes, as well as activation and migration of endogenous reservoirs of reparative cells. The volume concludes with an in-depth discussion of the tracking of cells in vivo and their various regenerative activities inside the body, including differentiation, new tissue formation and actions on other cells by direct cell-to-cell communication and by secretion of biomolecules."