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Abstrak :
Pengembangan terhadap pemanfaat biomassa sebagai sumber bahan bakar alternatif harus dilakukan, mengingat bio-oil yang dihasilkan dari pirolisis biomassa masih mengandung kadar senyawa oksigenat yang tinggi, yang menyebabkan bio-oil bersifat korosif, memiliki nilai kalor rendah, viskositas yang tinggi dan kurang stabil. Penggunaan limbah plastik sebagai bahan baku tambahan menjadi salah satu metode alternatif yang dapat menaikkan nilai kalor bio-oil, menurunkan sifat korosivitas, menurunkan viskositas dan meningkatkan kestabilannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan limbah plastik dalam meningkatkan kualitas bio-oil yang dihasilkan dari pirolisis batang jagung sehingga dapat menghasilkan bio-oil yang mempunyai kadar senyawa oksigenat yang rendah dan dapat digunakan sebagai biofuel. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah slow co-pyrolysis, dengan jenis reaktor fixed bed. Bahan baku yang digunakan adalah batang jagung dan limbah plastik HDPE dan PP. Slow co-pyrolysis dilakukan dengan temperatur akhir 5000C, laju pemanasan 50C/menit, laju N2 sebesar 750 ml/menit, dan waktu penahan 30 menit. Karakterisasi dilakuakn hanya terhadap fraksi minyak (bio-oil) yang mencakup analisis Gas Cromatrograph Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS), uji viskositas dan uji pH. Dengan penambahan plastik sebanyak 75%berat, kandungan senyawa non-oksigenat pada bio-oil mencapai 47,17 % sedangkan kandungan senyawa oksigenat 52,83%. Penggunaan plastik HDPE menghasilkan yield bio-oil yang lebih tinggi yaitu mencapai 28,05 %berat, dibandingkan dengan plastik PP yang mencapai 25,85 %berat. Penambahan limbah plastik menghasilkan bio-oil dengan pH 5 dan viskositas 4,2 cSt yang menyebabkan bio-oil menjdai tidak korosif dan lebih mudah menglair sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan lebih lanjut sebagai bahan bakar. ......The development of biomass utilization for alternative fuel source needs to be done, considering the bio-oil produced from biomass pyrolysis still containts high level of oxygenate compounds, which causes the bio-oil to be corrosive, has a low heating value, and less stable. The use of plastic waste for bio-oil production is one of the alternative methods that can increase the heating value of bio-oil by reducing the oxygenates compounds on it. This study aims to determine the effect of using plastic waste to improve the quality of bio-oil from corn cob, so that it has a lower oxygenate compounds. The method used in this study is slow co-pyrolysis, using fixed bed reactor. The raw materials are corn cob and HDPE and PP plastic wastes. Slow co-pyrolysis is done with final temperatur of 5000C, heating rate 50C/min, N2 flow rate 750 ml/min, and pirolysis time 30 minutes. The bio-oil oil produced will be characterized using Gas Chromatpgraph Mass Spectometer (GC-MS), viscosity, and pH. With the addition of 75 %wt plastics, non-oxygenates compound in bio-oil reach 47,17 while the oxygenates compound are reduced to 52,33 %wt. The addition of HDPE plastic waste produces hihger bio-oil yield (28,05 %wt) than PP plastic waste (25,85 %wt). The bio-oil produced from biomass and plastic wastes become less corrosive ( pH 5) and viscos (4,2 cSt), so that it can be use as alternative fuel source.

Abstrak :
Pyrolysis is the thermal degradation of a carbonaceous solid by heat in the absence of oxygen. The feedstocks, such as biomass or solid wastes, are heated to a temperature between 400 and 600°C. The reaction produces three products: gas, pyro-fuel oil, and char. Pyrolyzing solid wastes to make pyro-oil and bio-char provides a renewable, low cost way to produce liquid fuel. The pyro-oil could be mixed with diesel fuel and the fuel properties suitable for a diesel engine generator could be investigated. This work uses a controlled microwave heating technique to pyrolyze used rubber tires into pyro-oil. The thermal treatment of received used rubber tires was done in a modified domestic microwave with a controlled heated stirred bed system. In earlier work, it was found that rubber tires are a poor absorber of microwaves. An appropriate microwave-absorbing material, such as activated char, was added to initiate the pyrolysis process, thus producing pyro-oil. The characteristics of this pyro-oil and the effect of the microwave absorber on the yield of pyro-oil are presented in the paper. Particular attention was paid to the temperature profile during microwave heating of the used rubber tires. The benefit of this application is the conversion of the waste tires into renewable and high calorific pyro-oil. In addition, properties of tire pyrolysis oil have been determined and compared with the results of commercial diesel fuel.

Abstrak :
Kegiatan produksi minyak bumi selain menghasilkan produk minyak mentah (crude oil), juga menghasilkan limbah minyak burrd. Limbah minyak tersebut masih mengandung kadar hidrokarbon minyak bumi yang relatif tinggi, beberapa senyawa N, 5, 0, logam-logam termasuk unsur logam berat dan unsur lainnya. Apabila limbah tersebut tidak dikelola atau dikelola kurang baik, maka dapat berdampak terhadap lingkungan hidup seperti terjadinya pencemaran tanah, air permukaan, air tanah dangkalfaquifer dan terganggunya kesehatan masyarakat setempat atau kehidupan makhluk hidup lainnya. Upaya perlindungan lingkungan hidup dapat dilakukan dengan cara mengelola limbah tersebut agar lingkungan hidup tidak tercemar dan kelestarian fungsinya dapat terus dipertahankan. Salah satu alternatif pengolahan limbah minyak tersebut adalah dengan memanfaatkan bioteknologi berupa teknik bioremediasi. Walaupun teknik bioremediasi ini mempunyai beberapa kelemahan antara lain waktu yang diperlukan untuk menjalankan prosesnya cukup lama, teknik ini dinilai mempunyai beberapa kelebihan. Kelebihan penerapan teknik bioremediasi ini dibandingkan dengan cara fisika dan kimiawi antara lain. adalah biaya pengolahan limbah yang diperlukan lebih murah karena menggunakan teknologi sederhana, menghilangkan kontaminan tanpa merusak materi terkontaminasi, tidak menimbulkan dampak lanjutan/baru dan aman bagi lingkungannya. Penekanan dari pemanfaatan teknik ini secara konvensional adalah bagaimana mengupayakan kondisi lingkungan mikroorganisme agar mampu mendegradasi limbah minyak bumf seperti temperatur, oksigen, kelembaban tanah, pH, nutrisi dan lainnya. Selain melakukan upaya tersebut di atas, keefektifan proses biodegradasi senyawa hidrokarbon minyak bumi dapat ditingkatkan dengan caracara lain seperti penggunaan surfaktan yang bersifat biodegradable sebagai agen pemecahan awal senyawa kontaminan tersebut dan menginokulasikan mikroorganisme eksogen untuk menambah jumlah populasi dan mengaktivasi mikroorganisme indigen pendegradasi limbah minyak tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk : a. Mengetahui kecepatan dan efisiensi biodegradasi limbah minyak Duri akibat penambahan surfaktan LAS. b. Mengetahui pengaruh pemberian EM4 didalam proses biodegradasi limbah minyak Duri. Hipotesis penelitian adalah penggunaan surfaktan LAS didalam proses biodegradasi limbah minyak bumf akan dapat meningkatkan ketersediaan biologis (bioavailabiiity) limbah tersebut dan lebih banyak lagi limbah minyak bumi yang dapat dilepaskan dari butir-butiran tanah untuk didegradasi oleh mikroorganisme. Penelitian dilakukan di Minas Strategic Business Unit (SBU) PT CPI dengan memberikan berbagai macam perlakuan terhadap variabel yang diteliti secara Iangsung di lapangan. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan cara sistern kornposit dan pengujian sampel tersebut dilakukan di beberapa laboratorium uji. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian sampel tersebut dapat diambil kesimpulan yang korelasional dengan melihat kecenderungan (trend) dari variabel-variabel yang diteliti. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya penurunan kadar minyak (Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon) sesuai fungsi waktu. yang diindikasikan dengan berkurangnya kandungan parafinik, aromatik, jumlah karbon organik (Total Organic Carbon). Kesimpulan : 1. Hasil biodegradasi limbah minyak bumi dengan cara bioremediasi konvensional adalah sebesar 11,6%. Hasil biodegradasi cara tersebut dapat ditingkatkan menjadi maksimal sebesar 29% dengan penambahan konsentrasi surfaktan LAS 2,25% dan EM4 sebanyak 250 ml dalam waktu 31 hari. 2. Penambahan surfaktan sodium LAS menyebabkan Iuas permukaan antara minyak dengan air semakin besar sehingga mampu meningkatkan ketersediaan biologis kontaminan tersebut untuk keperluan metabolisme mikroorganisme yang diindikasikan dengan adanya penurunan tegangan permukaan minyak bumi dan peningkatan persentase penurunan kadar TPH. 3. Pemberian EM4 mampu meningkatkan jumlah populasi mikroorganisme dan mengaktivasi baik mikroorganisme indigen maupun EM4 pendegradasi limbah minyak Duri, yang diindikasikan dengan adanya peningkatan jumlah populasi mikroorganisme dan peningkatan persentase penurunan kadar TPH sesuai dengan fungsi waktu. Saran : 1. Proses biodegradasi limbah minyak Duri dengan API Gravity rendah perlu dibantu dengan menggunaan surfaktan yang bersifat biodegradable untuk dapat meningkatkan kecepatan dan efisiensi proses degradasi yang terjadi. 2. Studi lebih lanjut mengenai upaya lebih mengefektifkan kerja mikroorganisme indigen dozninan pendegradasi limbah minyak Duri sebaiknya dilakukan untuk dapat meningkatkan hasil biodegradasi limbah tersebut. 3. Isolasi mikroorganisme indigen pendegradasi limbah minyak Duri perlu dipertimbangkan untuk dikaji lebih dalam agar dapat lebih mengefektifkan hasil biodegradasi yang ingin dicapai. ...... The main activity of oil production is producing crude oil. However, it also produces waste that have relatively high oil hydrocarbon content, in the forms of N, S, 0 compounds, metals include heavy metals and other impurities. When the wastes are not managed properly, they may cause impact to the environment such as soil, surface water, shallow water/aquifer contamination and local community healt problems or other living organism. Environmental protection can be conducted by managing the wastes so that the environment is not contaminated and environmental sustainability can be promoted. One of the alternative of oil waste treatment is by biotechnology process using bioremediation technique. Although bioremediation technique have several disadvantages such as longer time required to run the process when compared to physical and chemical processes, it has some advantages such as cheaper cost for treatment since it uses simpler technology, as well as it removes contaminant without destructing contaminated materials, not causing additional impact and safe for the environment. The stressing of this conventional technique is how to manage condition of microorganisms environment in order the microorganism can degrade oil waste through adjusting some parameters such as temperature, oxygen, soil moisture, pH, nutrition and others. In addition to that, the effectiveness of oil waste biodegradation process can be enhanced by other technique such as using biodegradable surfactant as agent to breakdown the contaminant and inoculate exogenous microorganism to add population number and activate indigenous microorganism in order to degrade the contaminant. The objectives of this research are as follows : a. To know the acceleration and efficiency of biodegradation of Duri oil waste due to the addition of LAS surfactant. b. To know the effect of EM4 in biodegradation process of Duri oil waste. The hypothesis is the usage of LAS Surfactant in the biodegradation process of Duri oil waste that will enhance the contaminant bioavailability and will release more oil contained in the soil to degrade by microorganism. The research was conducted at Minas Strategic Business Unit (SBU) PT CPI by employing various treatments to the observed variables directly in the field. Sampling was done by a composite system and samples were tested in some laboratories. Based on the result of samples testing, a correlational conclusion is made by looking at the trend of observed variables. The result of this research shows that the reduction of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) as indicated by the reduction of paraffin, aromatic and total 'organic carbon (TOC). Conclusion : 1. The biodegradation of Duri oil waste which conducted conventionally was at 11,6%. The result would be increased to be maximum was at 29% with addition of concentration of surfactant at 2,25% and 250 ml EM4 in 31 days. 2. The Addition of sodium LAS surfactant make the surface area of water and oil wider thus able to enhance the contaminant bioavailability to microorganism metabolic process as indicated by the decrease of surface tension of oil waste and the increase of down slope percentage of TPH concentration. 3. The addition of EM4 is able to increase the number of microorganism population and activate both indigenous or EM4 to degrade Duri oil waste as indicated by the increase of the number of microorganism population and the increase of the down slope percentage of TPH concentration in line with time factor. Recommendation : 1.The biodegradation process of oil waste with low API Gravity need to be added by using biodegradable surfactant to enhance the acceleration and efficiency of biodegradation process. 2. Further study in enhancing the effectiveness of indigenous-dominated microorganism that degrade Duri oil waste is advisable to be conducted in order to increase the result of the biodegradation. 3. Isolation of the indigenous microorganism that degrade the Duri oil waste need to be further studied in order to get the effective result of biodegradation process.

Abstrak :
Kapal sebagai armada angkutan perairan di Indonesia, saat singgah di pelabuhan secara rutin menghasilkan limbah operasional antara lain berupa campuran minyak kotor yang termasuk limbah B3 (bahan berbahaya dan beracun). Semakin meningkat jumlah kapal yang datang ke Pelabuhan Tanjung Priok, maka semakin besar beban pencemaran limbah minyak yang diterima pelabuhan. Untuk melindungi kualitas perairan, maka semua limbah B3 yang dihasilkan dari operasional kapal dilarang dibuang ke perairan secara langsung, dan pihak pelabuhan mempunyai kewajiban untuk mengelola limbah dan menyediakan fasilitas penampungan limbah dari kapal (reception facilities). Beban pencemaran limbah minyak ini jika tidak ditunjang oleh pemanfaatan reception facilities pelabuhan secara maksimal akan mengakibatkan pencemaran di perairan pelabuhan. Demikian pula yang terjadi di perairan Pelabuhan Tanjung Priok, secara visual tampak adanya lapisan minyak di beberapa titik perairan pelabuhan. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa status perairan Pelabuhan Tanjung Priok dalam kondisi tercemar berat, dengan nilai STORET berkisar antara -26 sampai -64 di 12 (dua belas) titik pantau yang ditetapkan. Jumlah kunjungan kapal ke pelabuhan meningkat rata-rata sebesar 5,8 persen per tahun dan berkontribusi terhadap buruknya mutu perairan melalui beban pencemaran minyak dari kapal yang sebenarnya sebesar 12,976 ton per bulan. Sementara itu, pemanfaatan RF untuk menangani beban pencemaran minyak dari kapal belum maksimal,dengan tingkat ketersediaan sarana RF sebesar 62,5 persen dari kebutuhan ideal, SDM 82,5 persen dan volume limbah minyak dari kapal yang tertangani sebesar 4,1 persen. Kualitas perairan pelabuhan dipengaruhi secara signifikan oleh jumlah kunjungan kapal dan pemanfaatan RF sebesar 0,660 (R²), artinya sebesar 66,0 persen kualitas perairan pelabuhan dipengaruhi oleh jumlah kunjungan kapal dan pemanfaatan RF, sementara 34,0 persen sisanya dipengaruhi oleh faktor lingkungan lainnya. Pihak pelabuhan harus melakukan pembenahan dan perbaikan RF mencakup kapasitas RF, administrasi/dokumentasi limbah B3, kualitas staf operator RF, sistem prosedur dan tanggap darurat. Pihak Pelabuhan Tanjung Priok merespon dengan baik kebijakan RF diantaranya melakukan pengurusan legalitas (izin) usaha pengumpulan dan penyimpanan limbah B3 dan perbaikan terbatas sarana RF. Saran kepada pihak pelabuhan adalah segera melakukan pembenahan dan perbaikan RF sesuai hasil klarifikasi teknis dari Tim Verifikasi Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup secara keseluruhan.

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Ship as a means of the transportation of territorial water in Indonesia, when halting-place in port routinely yield operational waste for example in the form of dirty oil mixture which the including waste of poisonous and dangerous materials. Progressively mount the amount of incoming ships to Port of Tanjung Priok, hence ever greater of burden contamination of accepted oil waste in port. To protect the quality of territorial water, hence all wastes yielded of ship operational prohibited to be to be thrown to territorial water directly, and port authority have obligation to manage waste and provide reception facilities. Burden contamination of this oil waste is otherwise supported by exploiting of port facilities reception maximally will result contamination in territorial water of port. That way also that happened in territorial water of Port of Tanjung Priok, visually see the existence of oil coat in some points territorial water of port. Result of research indicate that status territorial water of Port of Tanjung Priok impure in a condition weight, with value of STORET range from -26 until -64 in 12 (twelve) locations the specified. Amount of ship visits to port mount mean equal to 5,8% per year and have contribution to to obsolence quality of territorial water through burden contamination of oil of ship which in fact equal to 12,976 ton per month or 408,16 kg per day. Meanwhile, exploiting of RF to handle burden contamination of oil of ship not yet maximal, with storey; level of[is availibility of medium of RF equal to 62,5% of ideal requirement, operator staff 82,5% and oil waste volume of ship handled equal to 4,1%. Quality of territorial water of port influenced by isn't it by ship visits amount and exploiting of RF equal to 0,660 (R²), it means equal to 66,0% of is quality of territorial water of port influenced by ship visits amount and exploiting of RF, whereas 34,0% of the rest influenced by other environmental factor. Port authority have to correction and repair of RF include; cover capacities of RF, administration/waste documentation, quality of operator staff of RF, procedure system and listen carefully emergency. Good respon of Port authority of Tanjung Priok of policy of RF among others management of legality of is effort gathering and depository of waste and limited repair of equipments of RF. Suggestion to port authority is immediately correction and repair of RF according to technical clarification result of Team Verification Ministry of Environment as a whole.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Pengurangan kadar amonia pada limbah minyak PT. Chevron, Duri dilakukan dengan metode elektrolisis. Kondisi optimum didapatkan dengan melakukan elektrolisis larutan amonium sulfat di berbagai pH pada potensial 0,6V; 1,5V; dan 2V. Penambahan NaCl pun dilakukan pada elektrolisis amonium sulfat. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan elektrolisis amonium sulfat pada pH 10 menggunakan potensial 2V dan ditambahkan NaCl memiliki penurunan hingga 67,48%. Akan tetapi, kondisi optimum ini tidak diterapkan pada limbah minyak karena kadar amonia di dalam limbah minyak terlalu kecil. Elektrolisis amonia dalam limbah minyak dilakukan pada pH 8 tanpa penambahan NaCl dengan potensial sebesar 2V. Penurunan kadar amonia pada limbah minyak mencapai 61,81%.

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ABSTRACT
The removal of ammonia levels in the oil waste PT. Chevron, Duri was done by electrolysis method. The optimum conditions were obtained by the electrolysis of ammonium sulphate solution at various pH at some potential of 0,6V; 1,5V; and 2V. The amount of NaCl addition was also varied on the electrolysis of ammonium sulphate. The experimental results showed that at pH 10 using the potential of 2V and the present of NaCl had decreased the amount of ammonia content as much as 67,48%. However, these optimum conditions were not applied to the oil waste because ammonia levels in the waste oil was too small. The electrolysis of ammonia in the oil waste was performed at pH 8 without the addition of NaCl with a potential of 2V. Decreased levels of ammonia in the waste oil reached 61,81%.