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Abstrak :
Latar Belakang: Sindroma Down merupakan kelainan genetik yang disebabkan oleh terjadinya trisomi pada kromosom 21.  Penyandang sindroma Down memiliki karakteristik fisik dan kondisi sistemik tertentu. Hal ini berhubungan dengan kondisi rongga mulutnya, terutama jaringan periodontal (gingiva) serta kebersihan gigi dan mulut. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui distribusi frekuensi gingivitis dan OHIS (Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified) pada penyandang sindroma Down usia 14 tahun ke atas di SLB tipe C di Jakarta. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan studi deskriptif potong lintang. Subjek penelitian adalah 174 penyandang sindroma Down usia 14 tahun ke atas yang bersekolah di SLB tipe C di Jakarta. Gingivitis diukur menggunakan Indeks Gingiva oleh Loe dan Sillness, sementara kebersihan gigi dan mulut diukur menggunakan OHIS oleh Greene dan Vermillon. Hasil: Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan distribusi frekuensi gingivitis sebagai berikut; 3,45% bebas gingivitis, 47,13% gingivitis ringan, 40,80% gingivitis sedang, dan 8,63% gingivitis berat. Sementara, untuk distribusi frekuensi OHIS adalah sebagai berikut; 28,16% memiliki OHIS baik, 49,43% memiliki OHIS sedang, dan 22,41% memiliki OHIS buruk. Kesimpulan: Penyandang sindroma Down memiliki distribusi frekuensi gingivitis yang dominan pada gingivitis ringan dan sedang, sementara mayoritas memiliki OHIS sedang. ...... Background: Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by trisomy in chromosome 21. Individuals with Down syndrome have specific physical characteristics and systemic conditions. This may relate to their oral condition, such as periodontal tissues (gingiva) as well as their oral hygiene. Objective: The aim of this study is to know the frequency distribution of gingivitis and OHIS (Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified) in 174 individuals with Down syndrome aged 14 and above in SLB type C in Jakarta. Method: This study used a cross-sectional descriptive method. Research subjects were 174 individuals with Down syndrome aged 14 and above who went to school in SLB type C in Jakarta. Gingivitis was measured using Gingival Index by Loe and Sillness, while oral hygiene was measured using OHIS by Greene and Vermillon. Result: The result of this study showed a frequency distribution of gingivitis as follows; 3.45% were free of gingivitis, 47.13% had mild gingivitis, 40.80% had moderate gingivitis, and 8.63% had severe gingivitis. Frequency distribution of OHIS were as follows; 28.16% had good OHIS, 49.43% had fair OHIS, and 22.41% had poor OHIS. Conclusion: Individuals with Down syndrome had frequency distribution of gingivitis mainly in mild and moderate category, while the majority the subjects had fair OHIS.

Abstrak :
Latar Belakang: Status kebersihan rongga mulut yang buruk ditandai dengan biofilm dalam jumlah banyak. Biofilm terbentuk dari perlekatan bakteri ke permukaan padat dan dengan bakteri lain. Bakteri later colonizers patogen periodontitis di biofilm seperti Treponema denticola bergantung pada early colonizers seperti Veillonella parvula. Protein VtaA dan Msp berperan dalam fungsi perlekatan Veillonella parvula dan Treponema denticola. Akumulasi biofilm dapat menyebabkan periodontitis. Akan tetapi periodontitis tidak umum dibahas pada anak. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis hubungan jumlah Veillonella parvula dan Treponema denticola, serta ekspresi gen VtaA dan Msp spesifik tiap bakteri dari saliva anak terhadap status rongga mulut. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan 40 sampel saliva anak yang dikelompokkan berdasarkan kategori OHI-S. Ekstraksi RNA untuk analisis ekspresi gen dan DNA untuk jumlah bakteri target dari sampel menggunakan GeneZol Kit. Konversi RNA menjadi cDNA menggunakan SensiFast cDNA Kit. Ekstrak DNA dan cDNA diuji dengan Real-time PCR. Analisis jumlah bakteri menggunakan kuantifikasi absolut dan tingkat ekspresi gen menggunakan kuantifikasi relatif. Hasil: Tidak ada perbedaan bermakna antara jumlah kedua bakteri maupun tingkat kedua ekspresi gen di antara kategori OHI-S. Jumlah Veillonella parvula cenderung menurun dan Treponema denticola cenderung meningkat seiring memburuknya skor OHI-S. Kesimpulan: Deteksi peningkatan jumlah Veillonella parvula tidak dapat menjadi bioindikator inisiasi penyakit periodontal. Ekspresi gen VtaA dan Msp tidak dapat digunakan sebagai bioindikator pembentukan biofilm dalam jumlah tinggi. ......Backgrounds: Poor oral hygiene status is marked by large amount of biofilms. Biofilms are made from bacterial adhesion to solid surfaces and to other bacteria. Later colonizers periodontitis pathogenic bacteria in biofilms like Treponema denticola, depend on early colonizers such as Veillonella parvula. VtaA and Msp are proteins that function in adhesion of Veillonella parvula and Treponema denticola. Biofilms accumulation can cause periodontitis. However, periodontitis is not a common discussion on children. Objectives: This research aims to analyze the correlation between the quantity of Veillonella parvula and Treponema denticola, also VtaA and Msp gene expression with oral status from children’s saliva. Methods: This study uses 40 samples of children’s saliva which has been grouped according to OHI-S category. RNA extraction to analyze gene expression and DNA extraction to quantify target bacteria from samples using GeneZol Kit. RNA conversion to cDNA uses SensiFast cDNA Kit. DNA extract and cDNA are tested using Real-time PCR Analysis of bacteria quantity with absolute quantification dan gene expression levels with relative quantification. Results: There is no significant difference between target bacteria quantity also gene expression levels between the OHI-S categories. Veillonella parvula’s quantity tends to decrease and Treponema denticola tends to increase as OHI-S scores worsens. Conclusions: Detection of increasing quantity of Veillonella parvula cannot be used as a bioindicator of periodontal disease initiation. VtaA and Msp gene expression cannot be used as a bioindicator of high rates of biofilm’s formation.

Abstrak :
Tujuan : Mengetahui hubungan attitude, social normsm perceived behavior control terhadap kemauan intention ibu menyikat gigi anak usia 36-71 bulan. Metode: Desain studi ini adalah eksperimental menggunakan kuesioner TPB yang sudah dilakukan uji reabilitas. Subjek penelitian ini adalah 172 pasangan ibu dan anak usia 36-71 bulan yang dipilih melalui metode purposive sampling. Status kesehatan dan kebersihan gigi dan mulut anak dinilai berdasarkan pemeriksaan dmf-t, status perdarahan gingiva, dan pemeriksaan indeks plak. Selain itu, guru memberikan dental health education kepada ibu selama 4 sesi dalam 1 bulan dan sikat gigi bersama selama 3 bulan. Hasil : reabilitas internal kuesioner TPB Cronbach?s alpha =0,735. Hasil korelasi positif antara social norms norms of family dan norms of expert terhadap intention ibu menyikat gigi anak r= 0,6; r=0,43 serta peningkatan status OHIS anak dan penurunan secara signifikan status perdarahan gingiva anak. Kesimpulan : Adanya hubungan antara social norms terhadap intention ibu menyikat gigi anak usia 36-71 bulan. Dental health education yang diberikan oleh guru PAUD efektif dalam meningkatkan dan mempertahankan status kesehatan gigi dan mulut serta kebiasaan baik dalam kebersihan gigi dan mulut serta pada siswa pendidikan anak usia dini. ...... Objective: Association between attitude, social norms, and perceived behavior control to mother s intention to brush teeth of child age 36 71 month. Methods: The study is conducted through community trial. Subjects of the study are 172 mothers and children aged 36 71 months who are selected through purposive sampling. The subjects oral health and hygiene condition are assessed by measuring the dmf t index, plaque index and gingival bleeding state. The teachers give education to the mothers for 4 sessions in a month and joint tooth brushing program in three months. Results: internal reability test of TPB questionnaire Cronbachs alpha 0,735. There is improvement of children s OHIS state and significant decrease in gingival bleeding. The main result is significant positive correlation between social norms norms of family and norms of expert with mothers intention to brush teeth of child age 36 71 month. Conclusion: There is association between social norms and mothers intention to brush teeth of child age 36 71 month. dental health education given by teacher improving dental and oral health status and oral hygiene in children and improving mothers knowledge, attitude, and action.