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Abstrak :
ABSTRAK Kurang Energi Protein (KEP) yang merupakan gambaran status gizi masih menjadi salah satu masalah gizi utama di Indonesia terutama di daerah pedesaan. Dampak buruk KEP pada balita adalah terhambatnya perkembangan kecerdasan dan pertumbuhan, yang selanjutnya akan mempengaruhi kemampuan berpikir, penampilan dan prestasi kerja, sehingga mengakibatkan rendahnya daya produksi dan kegiatan ekonomi, menurunnya daya tahan tubuh, yang dapat menurunkan kualitas sumberdaya manusia Indonesia. Penanggulangan KEP secara nasional diprioritaskan pada daerah tertinggal/miskin, sementara informasi keadaan gizi di desa tertinggal dan tidak tertinggal belum memadai, khususnya di propinsi Kalimantan Barat. Maka keadaan gizi pada desa tertinggal dan tidak tertinggal serta faktor-faktor yang berhubungan menarik untuk diteliti. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui status gizi dan konsumsi energi serta protein balita usia 6-59 bulan di desa tertinggal dan tidak tertinggal pada daerah pesisir dan pegunungan serta hubungan status gizi dengan lingkungan perumahan, pendapatan per kapita, pengetahuan gizi, pendidikan orang tua, jumlah anggota rumahtangga, dan pekerjaan orang tua. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder yang mencakup dua kecamatan yang masing-masing terdiri dan satu desa tertinggal dan satu desa tidak tertinggal dari kabupaten Pontianak, propinsi Kalimantan Barat yang dikumpulkan oleh Tim Praktek Kerja Lapangan Sekolah Pembantu Ahli Gizi tahun 1995. Desain penelitian ini adalah potong lintang dengan sampel seluruh rumahtangga yang mempunyai anak balita usia 6-59 bulan. Jumlah sampel yang dianalisis dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 360 rumahtangga. Analisis dilakukan secara univariat, bivariat, dan multivariat dengan bantuan program EPI INFO versi 6.0 dan SPSS for Windows release 6.0. Dari hasil analisis ditemukan bahwa prevalensi KEP menurut indeks BB/U di kecamatan Mempawah Hilir tidak terlihat adanya perbedaan yang bermakna antara desa tertinggal dengan desa tidak tertinggal, sementara di kecamatan Toho prevalensi KEP menurut BB/U lebih tinggi di desa tertinggal dibandingkan desa tidak tertinggal. Menurut indeks TB/U prevalensi KEP lebih baik di desa tidak tertinggal dibandingkan di desa tertinggal pada kedua kecamatan. Faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian KEP menurut indeks BB/U di kecamatan Mempawah Hilir baik untuk desa Sejegi (tertinggal) maupun desa Tanjung (tidak tertinggal) adalah pendapatan perkapita dan pengetahuan gizi, sementara di kecamatan Toho faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian KEP di desa Sekabuk (tertinggal) adalah pendapatan perkapita, sedangkan di desa Pentek (tidak tertinggal) adalah pendapatan per kapita dan pengetahuan gizi. Menurut indeks TB/U, faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian KEP di semua desa penelitian adalah pendapatan per kapita. Meskipun terlihat ada perbedaan status gizi, terutama menurut indeks TBN antara desa tertinggal dengan desa tidak tertinggal pada kedua kecamatan, tetapi karena prevalensi KEP masih cukup tinggi di kedua kategori desa tersebut sehingga disarankan agar program penanggulangan KEP tidak perlu difokuskan ke desa tertinggal saja, tetapi strategi penanggulangannya yang perlu dibedakan dengan melihat faktor-faktor yang berkaitan di masing-masing desa.

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ABSTRACT Factors Relating To The Under Fives Nutritional Status In Four IDT and Non IDT Villages in Pontianak District, West Kalimantan Province in 1995Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) which represent the nutritional status has remained as one of the main nutrition problems in Indonesia, especially in rural areas. The bad outcome of PEM under fives years is the hindrance of their growth and intelligence development which will further influence the ability of their thinking, performance and work achievement capacity creating low productivity in the economic terms, the decrease in physical endurance which then impact the quality of the Indonesian human resources. The priority to overcome the PEM nationally is emphasized in the severe areas, while the information on the nutritional status in IDT ("under developed areas") and NON IDT ("developed areas") has been inadequate yet, in West Kalimantan in particular. Therefore, the nutritional status in IDT and NON IDT villages including its related factors is interesting to be observed. The purpose of this research is to know the nutritional status, energy and protein consumption of the under fives from 6 to 59 months in IDT and NON IDT villages in the coastal and mountains areas and relation of nutritional status with housing environment, household income, knowledge on nutrition, parent's education level, the family size, and parent's job. This research used secondary data covering two subdistricts which consist respectively of two IDT and two NON IDT villages in Pontianak District, West Kalimantan Province gathered by a team of students of the Assistant Nutritionist School during their field work practice in 1995. This cross-sectional study used samples of all families having under five years old children of 6 to 59 months. The number of analyzed samples in the research was 360 families. The analysis was done in univariate, bivariate, and multivariate with the help of EPI INFO program of 6.0 version and SPSS for Windows release 6.0. It was found from the analysis that the prevalence of PEM according to Weight/Age index in Mempawah Hilir District has no significant differences between the IDT and NON IDT villages, while in Toho District the prevalence of PEM according to Weight/Age index in the IDT is higher than that in the NON IDT villages. Based on Height/Age index, the prevalence of PEM in the NON IDT is better than that in the IDT villages in both districts. The factors relating to the PEM based on Weight/Age index in Mempawah Hilir District, either in Sejegi village (IDT) or Tanjung (NON IDT) are per capita income and knowledge on nutrition, while in Toho District, the factor relating to the PEM in Sekabuk village (IDT) is per capita income, while in Pentek village (NON IDT) are per capita income and knowledge on nutrition. Based on Height/Age index, the factor relating to the PEM in all villages is per capita income. Although there have been differences in the PENT, especially based on Height/Age index between IDT and NON IDT villages in the two districts, it is suggested that since the prevalence of PEM is still relatively high in the two village categories, the program to overcome PEM is not necessarily focused only in the IDT villages, but the strategy of overcoming the PEM must be distinguished through paying attention to the related factors in the respective villages.

Abstrak :
All animals face the possibility of food limitation and ultimately starvation-induced mortality. This book summarizes state of the art of starvation biology from the ecological causes of food limitation to the physiological and evolutionary consequences of prolonged fasting. It is written for an audience with an understanding of general principles in animal physiology, yet offers a level of analysis and interpretation that will engage seasoned scientists. Each chapter is written by active researchers in the field of comparative physiology and draws on the primary literature of starvation both in nature and the laboratory. The chapters are organized among broad taxonomic categories, such as protists, arthropods, fishes, reptiles, birds, and flying, aquatic, and terrestrial mammals including humans; particularly well-studied animal models, e.g. endotherms are further organized by experimental approaches, such as analyses of blood metabolites, stable isotopes, thermobiology, and modeling of body composition.