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Abstrak :
Latar Belakang: Kejadian preeklamsia dilaporkan berkisar 5-15% dari seluruh kehamilan dan terkait erat dengan morbiditas dan mortalitas maternal dan perinatal. Preeklamsia merupakan penyakit dengan berbagai teori (disease of theory) yang menggambarkan ketidakpastian patofisiologi dan penyebabnya. Salah satu teori patogenesis preeklamsia adalah peningkatan stres oksidatif. Stres oksidatif merupakan ketidakseimbangan jumlah oksidan dan antioksidan dalam tubuh. Peningkatan radikal bebas pada preeklamsia diduga menyebabkan penurunan antioksidan endogen seperti superoksida dismutase (SOD) karena banyak antioksidan tersebut yang terpakai untuk menanggulangi radikal bebas. Mengingat pentingnya peranan SOD pada patogenesis preeklamsia, maka pemberian suplementasi SOD diduga dapat memberi manfaat pada preeklamsia maupun kehamilan normal. Tujuan Penelitian: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan kadar SOD pada kehamilan normal dan preeklamsia. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga bertujuan untuk mengetahui kenaikan kadar SOD pasca pemberian suplementasi SOD pada kehamilan normal dan preeklamsia. Metode Penelitian: Penelitian uji klinis ini dilakukan di RSCM, RSAB Harapan Kita, RSIA Bunda, dan RSIA Brawijaya pada bulan September hingga Desember 2019. Subjek penelitian berasal dari Ibu hamil normotensi dan Ibu hamil preeklamsia yang akan dilakukan tindakan operasi sesar berencana dalam waktu 2 minggu. Pada subjek di kelompok uji, akan diberikan suplementasi Glisodin 2 x 250 U selama 14 hari. Dilakukan pengukuran kadar SOD serum pra- dan pasca- suplementasi Glisodin, SOD plasenta, dan kadar Cu, Mn dan Zn serum. Data selanjutnya diolah dengan menggunakan uji statistik dengan paket SPSS versi 15. Analisis data berupa analisis univariat, bivariat dan multivariat. Hasil Penelitian: Didapatkan 91 subjek penelitian yang terdiri dari 42 Ibu hamil normotensi dan 49 Ibu hamil dengan preeklamsia. Dari 25 subjek penelitian yang diberikan suplementasi Glisodin, 15 orang berasal dari kelompok Ibu hamil normotensi dan 10 orang berasal dari kelompok Ibu hamil preeklamsia. Kadar Zn pada kelompok preeklamsia didapatkan lebih rendah bermakna dibandingkan pada kelompok normotensi (45 (25,00-110,00) ug/dL vs 52,00 (36,00-88,00) ug/dL, p 0,025). Tidak didapatkan perbedaan bermakna kadar SOD pra- dan pasca suplementasi pada kelompok normotensi dan preeklamsia. Tidak terdapat peningkatan bermakna kadar SOD pasca suplementasi , baik pada kelompok normotensi maupun preeklamsia (+1,08 ± 2,45, p 0,069 dan +0,12 ± 2,04, p 0,721). Satu-satunya perbedaan bermakna yang ditemukan adalah kadar SOD plasenta dimana didapatkan kadar SOD plasenta lebih rendah pada kelompok preklamsia dibandingkan normotensi (26,04 (10,49-91,16) U/mL vs 37,62 (13,58-105,40) U/mL, p<0,001). Kesimpulan: Kadar SOD plasenta pada kehamilan hipertensi atau preeklamsia lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan normotensi. Tidak ada peningkatan bermakna kadar SOD pasca-suplementasi dengan Glisodin pada kehamilan normotensi dan hipertensi atau preeklamsia.

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Background: Preeclampsia incidence varies between 5-15% from all pregnancy and related to maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Preeclampsia is a disease of theory which describe uncertainty in its pathogenesis and pathophysiology. One of the preeclampsia pathogenesis theory is the increasing oxidative stress level. Oxidative stress is a condition caused by imbalance between oxidant and anti-oxidant inside the body. Increased free radicals level in preeclampsia causing further decreased in endogenous antioxidant level such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) because antioxidant were used to neutralize free radicals. Given the important role of SOD in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia, supplementation of SOD is thought to be beneficial, both in the normal pregnancy and preeclampsia. Objective: The aim of this study is to determine differences in SOD levels in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia. This study is also aims to determine the increase in SOD levels after SOD supplementation in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia. Methods: This clinical trial study was conducted at RSCM, RSAB Harapan Kita, RSIA Bunda, and RSIA Brawijaya in September to December 2019. The research subjects came from normotensive pregnant women and preeclampsia pregnant women who will undergo planned cesarean operations within 2 weeks. Subjects in the test group will be given Glisodin 2 x 250 U supplementation for 14 days. Serum SOD pre-and post-supplementation with Glisodin, placental SOD, and serum Cu, Mn and Zn levels were measured. Data were then processed using statistical tests with SPSS package version 15. Data analysis was in the form of univariate, bivariate and multivariate analyzes. Results: There were 91 research subjects consisting of 42 normotensive pregnant women and 49 pregnant women with preeclampsia. Of the 25 study subjects who were given Glisodin supplementation, 15 were from the group of normotensive pregnant women and 10 were from the group of preeclampsia. The level of Zn in the preeclampsia group was significantly lower than in the normotensive group (45 (25.00-110.00) ug/dL vs 52.00 (36.00-88.00) ug/dL, p 0.025). There were no significant differences in pre- and post-supplementation SOD levels in the normotensive and preeclampsia groups. There was no significant increase in SOD levels after supplementation, both in the normotensive and preeclampsia groups (+1.08 ± 2.45, p 0.069 and + 0.12 ± 2.04, p 0.721). The only significant difference found was placental SOD levels in which placenta SOD levels were lower in the preeclampsia group than normotensive (26.04 (10.49-91.16) U / mL vs 37.62 (13.58- 105.40 ) U / mL, p <0.001). Conclusions: Placental SOD levels in pregnancy with hypertension or preeclampsia are lower than normotensive. There was no significant increase in post-Glisodin supplementation SOD levels in normotensive and hypertensive or preeclampsia pregnancy.

Abstrak :
Kadar Zinc dan Cuprum pada Penderita Hipertensi Primer dan Normotensi. Salah satu pencetus hipertensi primer yaitu paparan radikal bebas. Pembentukan radikal bebas dalam tubuh dapat dicegah dengan antioksidan. Peran zinc dan cuprum adalah sebagai kofaktor dari enzim antioksidan endogen superoksida dismutase (SOD). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perbedaan kadar serum zinc dan cuprum pada kelompok hipertensi primer dan normotensif. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional analitik dengan desain cross sectional dan metode simple random sampling. Subjek adalah orang yang berusia 40-70 tahun, mengunjungi Rumah Sakit Haji Surabaya, dan terdiri dari 15 responden hipertensi primer dan 15 responden normotensif (kelompok pembanding). Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara dan uji laboratorium klinis sampel darah. Konsentrasi serum zinc dan cuprum diukur dengan metode AAS (Spektrofotometer Serapan Atom). Data dianalisis dengan chi-square dan independent T-test. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat rata-rata serum zinc dan cuprum responden pada kelompok hipertensi primer lebih rendah daripada kelompok normotensif. Namun, secara statistik tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan (p=0,852) kadar serum zinc antara kelompok hipertensi primer dan kelompok normotensi, tapi ada perbedaan yang signifikan pada kadar serum cuprum (p=0,022). Kesimpulannya adalah ada yang berbeda dari kadar serum cuprum antara dua kelompok sedangkan untuk kadar serum zinc tidak berbeda.;One of the causes of primary hypertension is an exposure to free radicals. The formation of free radicals in the body can be prevented by taking antioxidants. Zinc and copper are cofactors of endogenous antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase. This study aimed to analyze the differences of zinc and copper levels in primary hypertensive and normotensive patients. This was an analytical observational study with cross sectional design and simple random sampling method. Subjects were patients aged 40-70 years at Haji General Hospital consisting of 15 primary hypertensive patients and 15 normotensive individuals (comparison group). Data was collected through interviews and laboratory test of blood samples. Zinc and Copper serum concentrations were measured by AAS. Data were analyzed by chi-square and independent samples t-test. The results showed that the mean levels of zinc and copper in primary hypertensive patients was lower than normotensive. However, statistically there was no difference in zinc serum levels (p=0.852) in the two groups, and there was a significant difference in copper serum levels (p=0.032). It can be concluded that there were differences in copper serum levels between the two groups but not with the levels of zinc.

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One of the causes of primary hypertension is an exposure to free radicals. The formation of free radicals in the body can be prevented by taking antioxidants. Zinc and copper are cofactors of endogenous antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase. This study aimed to analyze the differences of zinc and copper levels in primary hypertensive and normotensive patients. This was an analytical observational study with cross sectional design and simple random sampling method. Subjects were patients aged 40-70 years at Haji General Hospital consisting of 15 primary hypertensive patients and 15 normotensive individuals (comparison group). Data was collected through interviews and laboratory test of blood samples. Zinc and Copper serum concentrations were measured by AAS. Data were analyzed by chi-square and independent samples t-test. The results showed that the mean levels of zinc and copper in primary hypertensive patients was lower than normotensive. However, statistically there was no difference in zinc serum levels (p=0.852) in the two groups, and there was a significant difference in copper serum levels (p=0.032). It can be concluded that there were differences in copper serum levels between the two groups but not with the levels of zinc.

Abstrak :
One of the causes of primary hypertension is an exposure to free radicals. The formation of free radicals in the body can be prevented by taking antioxidants. Zinc and copper are cofactors of endogenous antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase. This study aimed to analyze the differences of zinc and copper levels in primary hypertensive and normotensive patients. This was an analytical observational study with cross sectional design and simple random sampling method. Subjects were patients aged 40-70 years at Haji General Hospital consisting of 15 primary hypertensive patients and 15 normotensive individuals (comparison group). Data was collected through interviews and laboratory test of blood samples. Zinc and Copper serum concentrations were measured by AAS. Data were analyzed by chi-square and independent samples t-test. The results showed that the mean levels of zinc and copper in primary hypertensive patients was lower than normotensive. However, statistically there was no difference in zinc serum levels (p=0.852) in the two groups, and there was a significant difference in copper serum levels (p=0.032). It can be concluded that there were differences in copper serum levels between the two groups but not with the levels of zinc.

Kadar Zinc dan Cuprum pada Penderita Hipertensi Primer dan Normotensi. Salah satu pencetus hipertensi primer yaitu paparan radikal bebas. Pembentukan radikal bebas dalam tubuh dapat dicegah dengan antioksidan. Peran zinc dan cuprum adalah sebagai kofaktor dari enzim antioksidan endogen superoksida dismutase (SOD). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perbedaan kadar serum zinc dan cuprum pada kelompok hipertensi primer dan normotensif. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional analitik dengan desain cross sectional dan metode simple random sampling. Subjek adalah orang yang berusia 40-70 tahun, mengunjungi Rumah Sakit Haji Surabaya, dan terdiri dari 15 responden hipertensi primer dan 15 responden normotensif (kelompok pembanding). Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara dan uji laboratorium klinis sampel darah. Konsentrasi serum zinc dan cuprum diukur dengan metode AAS (Spektrofotometer Serapan Atom). Data dianalisis dengan chi-square dan independent T-test. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat rata-rata serum zinc dan cuprum responden pada kelompok hipertensi primer lebih rendah daripada kelompok normotensif. Namun, secara statistik tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan (p=0,852) kadar serum zinc antara kelompok hipertensi primer dan kelompok normotensi, tapi ada perbedaan yang signifikan pada kadar serum cuprum (p=0,022). Kesimpulannya adalah ada yang berbeda dari kadar serum cuprum antara dua kelompok sedangkan untuk kadar serum zinc tidak berbeda.

Abstrak :
Sel punca mesenkim (mesenchymal stem cells, MSC) merupakan turunan mesenkim yang dapat menghasilkan sejumlah turunan yang berbeda dan kemampuan untuk memperbarui diri, sehingga banyak digunakan dalam penelitian berbagai penyakit, termasuk penyakit sistem saraf pusat. Hingga saat ini, belum ada penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai pengaruh sel punca terhadap dinding pembuluh darah normal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah injeksi stem sel yang berasal dari bone marrow (bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, BMMSC) tidak akan mengganggu struktur pembuluh darah sehat. Penelitian eksperimental yang menggunakan tikus Wistar laki-laki, berumur 20 - 24 minggu, dan normotensi yang diinjeksikan BMMSC dengan dosis 106 sel (kelompok A, 10 tikus), 3 x 106 sel (kelompok B, 12 tikus), dan kontrol (kelompok C, 12 tikus) secara intravena. Dua minggu setelah injeksi BMMSC, jaringan otak tikus, yaitu arteri serebri anterior (ACA) dan arteri serebral media (MCA) diperiksa secara histopatologi untuk mengukur diameter lumen, luas lumen, tebal dan luas tunika medika, dan tunika intima dievaluasi antarkelompok. Diameter lumen, luas lumen, ketebalan dan luas dari tunika muskularis dari ACA tidak signifikan berbeda bermakna antarkelompok (p > 0,05). Hasil sama didapatkan pada histopatologi MCA, dimana variabel diameter lumen, luas lumen, ketebalan dan luas tunika muskularis (p > 0,05). Studi ini tidak mendapatkan hiperplasia tunika intima dari arteri intrakranial antarkelompok. Pemberian BMMSC secara intravena pada tikus normotensi tidak membuat perbedaan bermakna pada diameter lumen, luas lumen, ketebalan tunika muskularis, luas tunika muskularis, dan adanya hiperplasia tunika intima pada struktur arteri intrakranial dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol. ......Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are mesenchymal derivatives with ability to produce different cells and have self-renewal property, so they are used in many degenerative diseases studies, including neurological diseases. Until now, there is no study which figure out the impact of stem cell to normal vascular wall yet. This study aims to investigate the effect of intravenous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSC) administration to intracranial artery in normotensive rats. An experimental study using normotensive, 20 - 24 weeks, male Wistar rats, which were injected BMMSC doses of 106 cells (group A, 10 rats), 3 x 106 cells (group B, 12 rats), and control (group C, 12 rats) intravenously. Two weeks after BMMSC injection, the rats were sacrificed, then anterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery were evaluated histopathologically for lumen diameter, lumen area, thickness and area of tunica muscularis, and tunica intima were evaluated between groups. The lumen diameter, lumen area, thickness and area of tunica muscularis of ACA were not significantly different between groups (p > 0.05). The similar results were also found in the middle MCA histopathology, which was no significant difference of lumen diameter, lumen area, thickness and area of tunica muscularis between groups (p>0.05). This study didnt find hyperplasia of tunica intima of intracranial arteries between groups. Intravenous administration of BMMSC in normotensive rats didnt make significant differences in lumen diameter, lumen area, thickness of tunica muscularis, area of tunica muscularis, and presence of tunica intima hyperplasia of the intracranial artery structure compared to control group.