Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

Abstrak :
The Movimiento Autónomo de Mujeres (Womens Autonomous Movement) in Nicaragua emerged, like many other Latin American social movements in the 1970s and 1980s in the context of dictatorial regimes, as a marginalized and restricted movement. It is now characterized as expansive and diverse, with feminist agendas being found in multiple sectors (e.g., civil society, legal, nongovernmental, agricultural). Although much has been written about social movements from a sociological perspective, this book examines the psychology of resistance: the psychological mechanisms and methodologies that emerge from the margins that determine the kind of social action that leads to justice. Psychology, in particular, is positioned to engage in a systematic exploration of the links between social and political conditions that determine how, why, and under what circumstances resistance leads to the development of subjectivity that is necessary for enacting political activity required for social transformation. This book documents voices within the womens Movimiento in Nicaragua-a coordinated mobilization of women that has weathered unremitting power differentials characterized by patriarchy and capitalism-to examine how psychological processes that emerge in response to sociopolitical oppression can lead to gendered justice. Nine testimonios of leaders within the Movimiento are used to analyze the relation of personal narratives to methodologies that lead individuals from positions of marginalization to greater subjectivity. Psychological theories and transnational feminisms are drawn on to examine how citizen subjects-people who can and do use their social locations to create transformative change-engage individual and collective efforts in transformative praxis.

Abstrak :
Dalam situasi seperti apa hukum internasional harus menyalahkan negara atas tindakan individu non-negara? Walaupun negara pada umumnya tidak bertanggungjawab atas tindakan aktor non-negara, telah ditentukan bahwa tindakan agennya dapat diatribusikan ke negara tersebut. Yaitu tindakan yang hanya berpura-pura sebagai aktor privat dan cukup terhubungnya tindakan tersebut dengan pelaksanaan kekuasaan publik dimana “tindakan privat” tersebut dapat dianggap tindakan negara. Oleh karena itu, skripsi ini menjelaskan mengenai tanggung jawab negara dalam perspektif hukum internasional. Selain itu skripsi ini juga membahas mengenai tanggung jawab negara sehubungan dengan tindakan individu non-negara. Terakhir, skripsi ini menjelaskan pendekatan mengenai peraturan atribusi atas suatu tindakan kepada negara yang dilihat oleh Mahkamah Internasional dalam kasus Bosnia v. Serbia. Dalam hal ini, mendiskusikan atribusi berdasarkan status organ dan atribusi berdasarkan arahan dan kontrol. Secara singkat pembahasannya adalah bahwa tindakan individu atau entitas non-negara dapat diatribusikan ke negara selama memenuhi syarat sebagaimana dituangkan dalam ILC Draft. Akan tetapi dalam kasus Bosnia v. Serbia menurut Mahkamah, tindakan Republika Srpska tidak dapat diatribusikan ke Serbia. ......Under what circumstances should international law impute to states the acts of non-state persons? Although states as a general rule are not liable for the conduct of non-state actors, it is now well-settled that the acts of its agent are attributable to the state. That is, the conduct of ostensibly private actors may be sufficiently connected with the exercise of public power that otherwise "private acts" may be deemed state action. Thus, the thesis explains about state responsibility in international law perspective. The thesis also provides more general remarks on the law of state responsibility as it pertains to acts of non-state persons. Finally it analyses the approach concerning the rules of attribution of conduct to a state followed by the ICJ in the Bosnia v. Serbia case, In that regard, it discusses attribution based on organ status and attribution based on direction and control. In short, the act form persons or entity can be attributed to a State, as long it has satisfied any requirement needed from ILC draft. But prior to, Bosnia v. Serbia case, the act from the Bosnia Serbs, according to Court’s decision, can not be attributed to Serbia.