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Abstrak :
Laporan Praktik Keinsinyuran ini membahas telaah terhadap pemanfaatan gas bumi melalui pipa di wilayah Kalimantan. Telaah dilakukan terhadap aspek teknis, dan ekonomi yang terdiri atas identifikasi potensi pasokan gas bumi, identifikasi kebutuhan gas bumi, analisa pasokan dan kebutuhan gas bumi, perhitungan biaya pengangkutan, dan perhitungan biaya Niaga gas bumi melalui pipa, analisa harga jual gas bumi, perbandingan biaya keekonomian antara gas bumi melalui pipa dengan moda LNG. Berdasarkan analisa pasokan dan kebutuhan gas bumi serta analisa teknis dan ekonomi terhadap upaya peningkatan pemanfaatan gas bumi melalui pipa di wilayah Kalimantan maka diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa pemenuhan gas bumi untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pengembangan hanya memenuhi kebutuhan untuk skenario paling rendah dimana ketersediaan pasokan gas bumi yang tersedia pada periode 2020 s.d 2030 yang bisa dimanfaatkan untuk pengembangan wilayah Kalimantan hanya dapat mencukupi untuk skenario kebutuhan gas bumi rendah (low scenario). Walau demikian diperkirakan dapat terjadi kekurangan pasokan pada tahun 2024 sebesar -13,51 MMSCFD, tahun 2025 sebesar -43,82 MMSCFD dan tahun 2030 sebesar -130,90 MMSCFD. Sedangkan untuk perhitungan simulasi biaya pengangkutan dan niaga gas bumi melalui pipa di tiap provinsi di Kalimantan lebih ekonomis pada skenario paling tinggi, dimana diperoleh perhitungan harga jual gas bumi terendah untuk skema gas pipa yaitu dengan harga jual US$ 7,28 di Kalimantan Utara, dan harga jual tertinggi sebesar US$19,67 di Kalimantan Barat. Sedangkan untuk skema LNG dengan harga terendah dengan harga jual US$7,14 di Kalimantan Selatan dan harga jual tertinggi dengan dengan harga jual US$9,21 di Kalimantan Tengah. Dengan demikian harga jual gas bumi dengan skema pengangkutan LNG lebih rendah bila dibandingkan harga jual gas bumi dengan skema pengangkutan gas bumi melalui pipa. Dengan belum bertumbuhnya kebutuhan gas bumi melalui pipa maka untuk memenuhi kebutuhan gas bumi di wilayah Kalimantan Barat dan Kalimantan Tengah agar menggunakan moda pengangkutan LNG. ......This Engineering Practice Report discusses an analysis of the utilization of natural gas pipelines in the Kalimantan region. The study encompassed technical and economic aspects consisting of the identification of natural gas potential supplies, identification of natural gas demand, analysis of natural gas supply and demand, calculation of transportation costs, calculation of trading costs for natural gas pipeline, analysis of natural gas selling prices, cost comparisons between using natural gas pipeline and LNG mode. Based on the analysis of natural gas supply and demand as well as technical and economic analysis of efforts to increase the utilization of natural gas pipelines in the Kalimantan region, it is concluded that the fulfilment of natural gas demand development can only fulfil the demand for the lowest scenario where the available natural gas supply from period 2020 to 2030 which can be used for the development of the Kalimantan region can only be sufficient for a low natural gas demand scenario (low scenario). However, it is estimated that there could be a supply shortage in 2024 of -13.51 MMSCFD, in 2025 of -43.82 MMSCFD and in 2030 of -130.90 MMSCFD. Meanwhile, for the simulation calculation of the costs of transporting and trading natural gas via pipeline in each province in Kalimantan, it is more economical in the highest scenario, where the lowest natural gas selling price calculation for the pipeline gas scheme is obtained, namely with a selling price of US$ 7.28 in North Kalimantan, and The highest selling price was US$19.67 in West Kalimantan. Meanwhile, for the LNG scheme, the lowest selling price is US$7.14 in South Kalimantan and the highest selling price is US$9.21 in Central Kalimantan. Thus, the selling price of natural gas using the LNG transportation scheme is lower compared to the selling price of natural gas using the natural gas transportation scheme via pipeline. With the demand for natural gas through pipes not yet growing and to fulfill the demand for natural gas in the West Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan regions could use LNG as a transportation mode.

Abstrak :
The objective of this study was to compare the impacts of financing investment scenarios on piped-natural GPs for households in Indonesia using government, business entity, and mixed investment scenarios. Simulations of cash flow were used for a case study of domestic GPs in City X in Indonesia, which originally used only one investment scheme. The GPs is calculated using the cash flow (CF) method. With the cash flow, GPs is calculated based on the sum of investment costs (Capital Expenditure), operating and maintenance costs (O & M), gas purchase costs, administrative costs (A), tax (t), and margin (m) divided by gas volume. A sensitivity test was performed using the models to observe the effects of changes to each component of each variable regarding price calculations for natural gas. The government divided the type of household into two, one class consisting of simple house and small house and the second group consists of luxury homes, apartments, and condominiums. For 100% government investment scenarios, prices were formulated using management fee systems. For 100% business entity investment scenarios, prices were formulated with a method in which an internal rate of return (IRR) equaled a weighted average cost of capital (WACC). For mixed government and business entity investment scenarios, prices were derived by modifying 100% government investment scenarios calculations. A study of setting piped-natural GPs for households that are equiTable, fair, transparent, and able to meet citizens’ purchasing powers was then conducted. Using the calculations and simulations, it was concluded that the government investment scenarios provided the lowest GPs but burdened the state budget. The business investment scenarios provided high GPs and benefitted the firm but not the community. The mixed investment scenario with 50:50 government and business entity investment compotition was recommended for setting GPs; they increased investments and public welfare, could be just and fair, and could meet citizens’ purchasing powers.

Abstrak :
Pipa adalah salah satu metode untuk pengiriman gas alam dari produsen gas kepada pembeli. Saat ini ada fasilitas pipa transmisi gas alam melalui pipa bawah laut dari Natuna ke Singapura yang dimiliki oleh tiga Perusahaan Kontraktor Kontrak Kerja Sama (KKKS) yaitu PT. A, PT. B, PT. C dan dalam operasi pengiriman gas sehari-hari dilakukan oleh Konsorsium XYZ yang terdiri dari ketiga perusahaan tersebut. Penjualan gas ini tercakup dalam Perjanjian Penjualan Gas antara Pemerintah Indonesia dan Pemerintah Singapura dengan tipe kontrak deplesi. Ada pasokan gas tambahan dari reservoir yang berbeda dan dimaksudkan untuk dialirkan ke pembeli lain di Singapura dan Batam dengan menggunakan Perjanjian Penjualan Gas yang berbeda. Karena fasilitas transportasi akan menggunakan fasilitas pipa bawah laut yang saat ini terpasang maka kondisi operasional saat ini perlu disesuaikan. Gas tambahan ini telah diinvestigasi melalui berbagai macam skenario menggunakan perangkat lunak simulasi jaringan pipa. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa tekanan operasional saat ini tidak dapat digunakan lagi karena berdampak pada meningkatnya tekanan dari salah satu subsea tie-in yang mana parameter ini merupakan bagian dari klausul dalam Perjanjian Penjualan Gas. Juga survival time sistem mengalami penurunan sehingga perusahaan operator perlu memberikan perhatian lebih ketika berhadapan dengan masalah terhentinya pasokan dari satu atau lebih.

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Pipeline is one of method to transport natural gas from the gas producer to the buyer. Currently there is a natural gas transmission pipeline facilities through subsea pipeline from Natuna to Singapore which is owned by three Production Sharing Contract Company namely PT. A, PT. B, PT. C and in the operation of daily gas deliveries is conducted by XYZ Consortium consisting of the three company above. Sales of the gas are covered by a Gas Sales Agreement between Indonesian Government and Singaporean Government with depletion contract type. There is an additional gas supply from different reservoir and intended to be transported to another buyer in Singapore and Batam which is covered by different Gas Sales Agreement. Due to the transportation facility will use the existing offshore pipeline facility therefore the current operational condition need to be adjusted. This additional gas has been investigated through variety of cases using pipeline network simulation software. The result reveal that current operational pressure cannot be used anymore since it impact on increasing pressure of one of subsea tie-in which this parameter is part of clauses in the Sales Gas Agreement. Also the system survival time is decrease so that the operator company needs to pay more attention when dealing with supply problem from one or more suppliers.

Abstrak :
Gas alam sebagai sumber energi lebih diinginkan dibandingkan bahan bakar fosil lainnya seperti batu bara dan minyak bumi dikarenakan lebih ramah lingkungan. Isu besar yang muncul adalah pemilihan pembangkit listrik baru, apakah menggunakan gas alam atau batu bara sebagai sumber energi. Untuk membuat pembangkit listrik dengan bahan bakar gas alam lebih diinginkan, beberapa tahap harus diambil, salah satunya adalah dengan optimisasi. Penelitian ini akan mengoptimisasi lokasi dari lima pembangkit listrik beserta rute optimalnya dari sebelas lokasi dan dua sumber gas, agar panjang pipa dengan pembebanan menjadi minimum. Sehingga, sebuah model matematis dibangun untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan tersebut, yang merupakan masalah Mixed Integer Non Linear (MINLP). Optimisasi dua tahap digunakan untuk mendapatkan solusi. Tahap pertama digunakan untuk memperoleh lokasi dan rute pipa yang optimal, tahap kedua digunakan untuk memperoleh diameter pipa dan konfigurasi kompresor yang optimal. Elemen pembebanan ditambahkan kepada panjang pipa untuk mengakomodasi perbedaan diameter pipa. Tiga skenario dibangun pada penelitian ini untuk memberikan kemungkinan lokasi dan rute yang berbeda menurut skenario masa depan yang dapat terjadi.  ......Natural gas as source of energy is more desirable than other fosil fuel such as coal and oil because of environmental advantage. A big issue comes from the decision of new power plant, whether using natural gas or coal as source of energy. In area such as South East Asia, natural gas prices is higher than coal, hindering such uses. In order to make natural gas power plant more viable, some steps must be taken, such as optimization. This study will optimize the location of 5 power plant and pipeline route between 11 location and 2 natural gas sources, so the weighted length is minimum. Thus, a mathematical model developed to solve the problem, which is a Mixed Integer Nonlinear Problem (MINLP). Two step optimization used to obtain solution. The first step is used to obtaion optimal location and pipeline route, the second step is used to obtain optimal pipeline diameter and compressor configuration. A weighting element added to the pipeline length to accomodate the difference of pipeline diameter. Three scenarios are made in this study to give a different location and routing possibility regarding possible future scenarios.