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"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh dimensi national culture: uncertainty avoidance, individualism vs. collectivism, masculinity vs. femininity, power distance index, dan long term orientation terhadap bank risk-taking behavior yang berfokus pada sampel beberapa negara Asia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode regresi ordinary least square pada data cross-section. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dimensi national culture memiliki pengaruh terhadap bank risk-taking di beberapa negara Asia. Uncertainty avoidance, masculinity vs. femininity, dan long term orientation memiliki pengaruh negatif terhadap bank risk-taking. Sedangkan power distance memiliki pengaruh positif terhadap bank risk-taking.

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This study aims to determine the effect of national culture uncertainty avoidance, individualism vs. collectivism, masculinity vs. femininity, power distance index, and long term orientation on bank risk taking behavior focusing on Asian countries sample. This study uses cross section data ordinary least square regression model. The results of this study find that dimensions of national culture have an effect on bank risk taking behavior. Uncertainty avoidance, masculinity vs. femininity, and long term orientation have a negative effect on bank risk taking. meanwhile power distance have a positive effect on bank risk taking."

"Open and distance learning (ODL) connects learners across geographical boundaries.Through the support of the internet and learning management systems (LSM),learners nowadyas are conveniently learning and communicating via the onlone mode....."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah host countries national culture atau home countries national culture yang lebih mempengaruhi perilaku pengambilan keputusan foreign affiliates banks. Penelitian ini menggunakan sampel foreign affiliates banks global dengan periode penelitian 2009-2015. National culture diukur dengan menggunakan 4 dimensi Hosftede rsquo;s framework of national culture, yaitu: uncertainty avoidance, individualism, masculinity v.s femininity dan power distance. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa national culture of home country lebih mempengaruhi perilaku foreign affiliates banks daripada national culture of host country. Lebih spesifik, pengambilan risiko pada foreign affiliates banks akan lebih tinggi ketika national culture of home country memiliki nilai individualism yang tinggi dan power distance yang rendah.

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This study aims to determine whether national culture of host or home country which has more influence on risk taking behavior of foreign affiliates banks. This study uses samples of foreign affiliates banks operating globally with period of observation from 2009 to 2015. National culture is measured by using 4 dimensions of Hofstede rsquo s framework of national cultures uncertainty avoidance, individualism, masculinity v.s femininity, and power distance. This study finds that risk taking behavior of foreign affiliates bank is dominated by the culture of home country. Specifically, they take more risks when the national culture of home country has high individualism and high power distance cultural values."

"Ketika konsumen menjadi lebih sadar tentang pilihan belanja mereka, permintaan untuk Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) meningkat. Salah satu cara mengevaluasi CSR adalah melalui kinerja sosial perusahaan atau Corporate Social Performance (CSP), dimana implementasi yang berhasil dapat meningkatkan dukungan publik dan pada akhirnya berdampak positif terhadap kinerja keuangan perusahaan. Ada beberapa faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi implementasi CSP, salah satunya adalah kultur nasional. Dalam penelitian ini akan dikaji dengan dimensi individualisme dan jarak kekuasaan kultur bangsa. Literatur sebelumnya memiliki bukti yang tidak meyakinkan dan bertentangan tentang masalah ini. Karena penelitian ini tidak membuahkan hasil yang signifikan, perdebatan mengenai apakah budaya nasional mempengaruhi CSP masih berlanjut.

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As consumers become more conscious about their spending choices, the demand for Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is increased. One way to evaluate CSR is through its Corporate Social Performance (CSP), where a successful implementation can boost public support and consequently, financial performance. There are multiple factors that can influence the implementation of CSP, one of which is national culture. In this research, individualism and power distance dimension of national culture will be investigated. Previous literature have inconclusive and conflicting evidence regarding this matter. As this research yields insignificant results, the debate regarding whether national culture affects CSP still persists."

"Untuk dapat bertahan di era pertukaran informasi yang serba cepat, perusahaan multinasional dituntut untuk dapat terus menyempurnakan absorptive capacity-nya. Keberadaan budaya organisasi dapat mempengaruhi daya serap organisasi dalam beberapa cara, seperti kemampuan karyawan untuk menyerap informasi eksternal dan kemampuan untuk memilih dan berbagi informasi yang relevan untuk dibagikan antar fungsi. Namun demikian, perusahaan multinasional dioperasikan di banyak negara, yang menyiratkan beberapa implikasi dari perbedaan negara. Tesis ini mencoba untuk menyelidiki melalui kajian pustaka konseptual, bagaimana budaya organisasi mempengaruhi absorptive capacity organisasi, dan bagaimana budaya nasional akan mempengaruhi hubungan di antara mereka. Dengan menggunakan beberapa dimensi seperti dimensi budaya nasional GLOBE dan dimensi budaya organisasi Hofstede, ternyata budaya organisasi Hofstede dapat mempengaruhi peningkatan absorptive capacity organisasi dengan cara tertentu. Sementara itu, budaya nasional mungkin dapat mempengaruhi secara positif dan negatif beberapa hubungan khusus antara budaya organisasi dan daya serap dengan cara tertentu.

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To survive in a fast-paced information exchange era, multinational companies are required to be able to continuously refine their absorptive capacity. Arguably, the existence of organizational culture might affect the organization’s absorptive capacity in several ways, such as employee’s capability to absorb external information and the ability to pick and share relevant information to share between functions. Nevertheless, multinational companies are operated in multiple countries, which implies several implications of country differences. This thesis tries to investigate through conceptual literature review, how organizational culture affects the organization’s absorptive capacity, and how national culture will affect the relationship between them. Using several dimensions such as GLOBE national culture and Hofstede organizational culture dimensions, it turns out that Hofstede organizational culture might affect to enhance the organization’s absorptive capacity in certain ways. Meanwhile, national culture might be able to affect positively and negatively some specific relationship between organizational culture and absorptive capacity in certain ways."

"Equity-based financing berdasarkan risk-sharing yang merupakan instrumen utama pembeda bank syariah dengan bank konvensional telah diabaikan aplikasinya karena dominasi debt-based financing. Studi ini menginvestigasi pengaruh formal institution dan national culture terhadap proporsi equity-based financing lintas negara. Sampel yang digunakan adalah 60 bank syariah komersial dari 10 negara yang berada di kawasan Timur Tengah, Asia Selatan dan juga Asia Tenggara dari tahun 2011-2019. Dengan menggunakan regresi panel random effect Generalized Least Square dan Generalized Method of Moment sebagai robustness check, penelitian ini secara konsisten menemukan pengaruh positif dan signifikan formal institution terhadap proporsi equity-based financing. Temuan ini mengindikasikan bahwa kualitas formal institution yang baik memainkan peran penting dalam mendorong equity-based financing. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa national culture memiliki peran penting bahkan menjadi kunci determinan dari equity-based financing. Power distance memiliki pengaruh yang lebih kuat dibandingkan nilai budaya lainnya, mengindikasikan bahwa social trust sangat mempengaruhi keputusan bank syariah untuk menyalurkan pembiayaan jenis ini. Hubungan antara formal institution dan equity-based financing menjadi melemah pada negara dengan nilai budaya yang lebih individualistis (kurang kolektivis) dan lebih uncertainty avoidance. Penelitian ini menunjukkan perlunya peningkatan kualitas formal institution dan mempertimbangkan budaya ketika merumuskan kebijakan untuk meningkatkan pembiayaan equity-based financing yang sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip Islam.

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Equity-based financing based on risk-sharing, which is the main instrument that differentiates Islamic banks from conventional banks, has been neglected in its application because of the dominance of debt-based financing. This study investigates the effects of formal institutions and national culture on equity-based financing across different countries. The sample is taken from 60 Islamic banks from 10 Middle East, South Asia, and Southeast Asia countries between 2011 and 2019. Using generalized least squares (GLS) regression and two-way system Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) as a robustness check, this study consistently finds a positive and significant effect of formal institutions on equity-based financing. This finding indicates that the good quality of formal institutions plays an important role in promoting equity-based financing. In addition, this study finds that culture is important and even a key determinant of equity-based financing. Power distance has a more powerful impact than other cultural values, indicating that social trust greatly influences Islamic bankers' decisions to channel this particular financing. The link between formal institutions and equity-based financing is weaker in countries with cultural values that are more individualistic (less collectivist) and more uncertainty-avoidant. These findings suggest the necessity of enhancing the quality of formal institutions and considering culture when formulating policies to increase financing in accordance with the principles of Islam."

"Culture has been mentioned and studied for an extended period. Great and world- renowned researchers such as Geert Hofstede and Shalom Schwartz have theorized that we as a civilization are made up of different cultural dimensions that guide us to live our lives. This led to many researchers raised question how far culture affects our everyday life, how business is conducted, how legal system are different throughout the world and whether culture influence how businesses conducted cultural social responsibility (CSR) practices in their home and host country(s). There has been an abundance number of studies that have examined the effect of the culture towards CSR practices in developed markets such as the United States of America, Canada, Great Britain, Germany, Switzerland, and many more. Still, there is a limited amount of research that took place in the emerging market. The importance of emerging markets is that they have the capability and potential to become the next economic powerhouse that could take over as the world superpower in the near future. Using data from 700 companies from 25 countries across Asia, America, Africa, and Europe, this study examines the influence or effect of national culture towards CSR practices in the emerging markets in the 2019 period (Before the Covid-19 financial crisis). Results showed that multilevel supports but nonsignificant where it showed positive correlations on all of the four hypotheses, while pairwise doesn’t support, but some are significant. This research gives other researchers a much clearer sense of how big the effect or impact of national culture on CSR practices conducted by companies in the host country.

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Budaya sudah dikenal dan dipelajari dalam waktu yang lama. Banyak peneliti terkenal dan diakui dunia seperti Geert Hofstede dan Shalom Schwartz berpendapat bahwa kita sebagai manusia terbentuk dari berbagai macam dimensi budaya. Hal ini membuat para peneliti bertanya-tanya seberapa besar dampak budaya dalam kehidupan kita sehari-hari, seperti dalam bisnis, dalam terciptanya sistem hukum di berbagai belahan dunia, dan bagaimana Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) diterapkan. Sudah banyak penelitian yang dilakukan tentang dampak budaya dalam CSR di negara maju, namun tidak demikian di negara berkembang yang tergolong terbatas padahal negara berkembang tersebut mempunyai potensi untuk menjadi negara besar dan adidaya di masa mendatang. Dengan menggunakan data dari 700 perusahaan dari 25 negara yang tersebar di berbagai benua, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek dari budaya terhadap CSR di tahun 2019 (sebelum pandemi dimulai). Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa multilevel mendukung bahwa dimensi budaya berpengaruh terhadap CSR walau tidak signifikan. Penelitian ini menunjukan hasil korelasi positif di 4 hipotesis. Namun, pairwise tidak mendukung sama sekali, tapi ada beberapa yang signifikan. Penelitian ini dapat memberikan gambaran lebih detail untuk peneliti lain tentang efek budaya terhadap CSR yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan di negara lain."