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"ABSTRAKTulisan ini bertujuan untuk membantah pembagian adanya dua Wittgenstein karena TLP dan PI sama- sama menggunakan bahasa fenomenalis. Menurut John W. Cook, Ludwig Wittgenstein adalah filsuf yang paling banyak disalahpahami di abad ke-20 karena tidak dipahaminya neutral monism yang menjadi asumsi fundamental dalam seluruh pekerjaannya yang membuatnya menerapkan bahasa fenomenalis. Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (TLP) dan Philosophical Investigation (PI) adalah karya yang paling monumental dari Ludwig Wittgenstein. TLP disebut Wittgenstein I karena berisi prosedur logika simbolik yang ketat, yang disebut picture theory ; dan PI sebagai Wittgenstein II karena berisi cara kerja bahasa, yang disebut language game atau permainan bahasa. Keduanya kemudian dipahami sebagai karya yang bertentangan. Untuk sampai ke tujuan tersebut, terlebih dahulu dipaparkan mengenai 2 kesalahan utama dalam membaca TLP : (1) memahami picture theory menyalin realitas secara denotatif, dan (2) memahami TLP berusaha untuk mengganti bahasa sehari-hari dengan logika ; dan 2 kesalahan utama dalam membaca PI : (1) memahami tidak lagi terdapat pembahasan logika di PI, dan (2) memahami PI sebagai legitimasi relativitas bahasa dan budaya. Penulis menemukan bahwa TLP dan PI tidak dapat dipertentangkan karena keduanya memiliki asumsi filosofis yang sama yaitu penggunaan bahasa fenomenalis. Menggunakan metode analisis kritis, teks TLP dan PI dianalisis secara kritis dan rinci untuk memperlihatkan bagaimana keduanya memiliki cara kerja yang sama. Elaborasi kritis juga dilakukan untuk memperlihatkan relasi temuan penulis dengan temuan dalam penelitian-penelitian sebelumnya mengenai Wittgenstein.

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ABSTRACTThis paper aims to refute the division of the two Wittgenstein because TLP and PI are both using phenomenal language. According to John W. Cook, Ludwig Wittgenstein was the most misunderstood philosopher of the 20th century because neutral monism which was a fundamental assumption in all his work that made him apply phenomenal language is can not be understood. Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (TLP) and Philosophical Investigation (PI) are the most monumental works of Ludwig Wittgenstein. TLP is called Wittgenstein I because it contains strict symbolic logic procedures, called picture theory ; and PI as Wittgenstein II because it contains the workings of language, which is called a language game. Both of them are then understood as contradictory works. To reach aim of this paper,first it is explained about two main errors in reading TLP : (1) understanding picture theory copying reality denotatively, and (2) understanding TLP trying to replace daily language with logic ; and 2 main errors in reading PI : (1) understanding there is no longer any discussion of logic in PI, and (2) understanding PI as the legitimacy of language and cultural relativity. The author finds that TLP and PI cannot be disputed because both have the same philosophical assumption, namely the use of phenomenal language. Using the critical analysis method, TLP and PI texts are analyzed critically and specifically to show how both have the same way of working. Critical elaboration was also carried out to show the relationship of the writers invention with the invention in previous studies concerning about Wittgenstein."

"Research by anthropologists engaged with the Comparative Austronesia Project (Australian National University) has amassed an enormous data set for ethnological comparison between the religions of Austronesian-speaking societies, a language group to which nearly all Indonesian societies also belong. Comparative analysis reveals that ancestor veneration is a key-shared feature among Austronesian religious cosmologies; a feature that also resonates strongly with the ancestor-focused religions characteristic of East Asia. Characteristically, the religions of Austronesian-speaking societies focus on the core idea of a sacred time and place of ancestral origin and the continuous flow of life that is issuing forth from this source. Present-day individuals connect with the place and time of origin though ritual acts of retracing a historical path of migration to its source. What can this seemingly exotic notion of a flow of life reveal about the human condition writ large? Is it merely a curiosity of the ethnographic record of this region, a traditional religious insight forgotten even by many of the people whose traditional religion this is, but who have come under the influence of so-called world religions? Or is there something of great importance to be learnt from the Austronesian approach to life? Such questions have remained unasked until now, I argue, because a systematic cosmological bias within western thought has largely prevented us from taking Ancestor Religion and other forms of “traditional knowledge” seriously as an alternative truth claim. While I have discussed elsewhere the significance of Ancestor Religion in reference to my own research in highland Bali, I will attempt in this paper to remove this bias by its roots. I do so by contrasting two modes of thought: the “incremental dualism” of precedence characteristic of Austronesian cultures and their Ancestor Religions, and the “transcendental dualism” of mind and matter that has been a central theme within the cultural history of Western European thought. I argue for a deeper appreciation of Ancestor Religion as the oldest and most pervasive of all world religions."

"Magis direfleksikan ke dalam berbagai definisi melalui beragam pendekatan sehingga menghasilkan beragam pandangan. Magis kerap dikaitkan dengan hal-hal kabur yang tidak mampu dijelaskan. Magis bahkan dianggap hanya sebagai suatu bayangan dari realitas yang ada. Singkatnya, pembahasan magis terpinggirkan. Pada tulisan ini penulis bertujuan untuk mengangkat kembali magis ke dalam tataran realitas, memberikan magis suatu posisi. Dalam tulisan ini, penulis menggunakan pandangan Federico Campagna dalam menjawab persoalan ini. Campagna berusaha menempatkan magis ke dalam realitas, melakukan rekonstruksi atas realitas yang telah terbentuk. Campagna menempatkan realitas magis sebagai alternatif dari realitas teknik yang mulai rapuh dan penuh akan kebrutalan di dalamnya. Melalui jantung utama realitas magis, yaitu aspek ineffable, Campagna mengeksplorasi lebih jauh mengenai magis sebagai realitas alternatif. Aspek ineffable dieksplorasi Campagna melalui pemikiran Chandogya Upanisad, Monisme Absolut dalam Advaita Vedanta, dan pemikiran Ibnu Arabi. Tulisan ini juga memberikan kritik kepada pemahaman Campagna yang keliru mengenai konsep monisme absolut dan Advaita Vedanta. Realitas magis juga digunakan untuk melihat dua fenomena ritual masyarakat adat di Bali, yaitu ritual Tari Sang Hyang Dedari serta tradisi Ngurek. Metode yang digunakan dalam tulisan ini adalah metode studi pustaka, analisis deskriptif, dan analisis kritis. Melalui ketiga metode ini, penulis membangun kerangka pemahaman mengenai realita magis yang berupaya dikonstruksikan Campagna, mengkritisi pemahaman Campagna mengenai Monisme Absolut dalam Advaita Vedanta, serta menganalisis ritual Tari Sang Hyang Dedari dan Tradisi Ngurek di Bali.

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The magic is reflected into various definitions through various approaches resulting in varied views. Magical is often associated with vague things that are not able to be explained. Magical is even regarded only as a shadow of the reality that exists. In short, magical discussions are being missed. On this writing the author seeks to lift back the magical into the landscape of reality, giving it a magical position. In this paper, the author uses the view of Federico Campagna in answering this issue. Campagna tries to put magical into reality, reconstruction over the reality that has formed. Campagna puts the magical reality as an alternative to the reality of techniques that are beginning to be fragile and full of brutality in them. Through the main heart of magical reality, the ineffable aspect, Campagna explores more about magical as an alternate reality. This paper also gives criticism to the erroneous understanding of Campagna regarding the concept of absolute monism and Advaita Vedanta. Magical reality is also used to see two phenomena of indigenous rituals in Bali, namely Sang Hyang Dedari dance and Ngurek tradition."