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Abstrak :
Pencahayaan adalah salah satu elemen terpenting yang dibutuhkan oleh manusia. Dengan cahaya kita dapat mengenali warna, bentuk, ukuran, serta dapat melihat dengan jelas dengan bantuan cahaya. Di bidang tata cahaya, pencahayaan tidak hanya berfungsi sebagai penerangan ruang melainkan dapat menghadirkan impresi ruang tertentu agar dapat menghadirkan lingkungan untuk mendukung kegiatan yang dilakukan di ruang tersebut. Ruang sakral adalah sebuah ruang yang mengandung nilai kesakralan di dalamnya. Cahaya merupakan salah satu elemen pembentuk ruang sakral dengan ruang sakral sendiri adalah ruang yang berfungsi untuk mengakomodasikan sebagai wadah untuk melakukan kegiatan yang bersifat kontemplasi. Cahaya dianggap sebagai ekspresi spiritualisme yang dapat menghadirkan dampak emosional dan impresi ruang yang dapat mempengaruhi dampak psikologis saat berkegiatan. Vihara merupakan ruang sakral Buddhisme yang berfungsi sebagai tempat ibadah umat Buddhisme untuk memberikan penghormatan kepada Buddha sebagai sosok yang dihormati pada aliran ini. Adanya kegiatan religius seperti berdoa dan melafal Sutra mempengaruhi penerapan pencahayaan artifisialnya pada Vihara agar dapat menghadirkan lingkungan yang dapat mendukung kegiatan tersebut. Kenyamanan Visual merupakan aspek penting ketika menerapkan pencahayaan artifisial pada sebuah ruang. Sebuah impresi ruang yang memberikan kenyamanan visual diharapkan dapat menjadi lingkungan yang dapat menghadirkan dampak-dampak tertentu yang akan mendukung melakukan kegiatan tersebut ......Light is one of the architectural elements needed by humans. We can recognize color, shape, size, and see clearly with the help of light. In lighting design, lighting does not only play a role as room lighting, and yet creates certain impressions of space in order to create an environment to support the activities. Sacred space is a space that contains sacred values in it. Light is one of the elements of sacred space. sacred space itself is a space that accommodated as a place for contemplation. Light is an expression of spiritualism that can bring emotional impact and the impression of space that affects the psychological impact toward the activities. Buddhist Monastery is a Buddhist sacred space that serves as a place of worship for Buddha as a respected figure in Buddhism. Religious activities such as praying and chanting Sutra affect the artificial lighting in Monastery in order to provide an environment that supports these activities. Visual Comfort is an substansial aspect when applying artificial lighting in space. An impression of space that provides visual comfort is expected to become an environment that brings certain impacts that will support these activities.

Abstrak :
The importance of the medieval abbot needs no particular emphasis. The monastic superiors of late medieval England ruled over thousands of monks and canons, who swore to them vows of obedience; they were prominent figures in royal and church government; and collectively they controlled properties worth around double the Crowns annual ordinary income. As guardians of regular observance and the primary interface between their monastery and the wider world, abbots and priors were pivotal to the effective functioning and well-being of the monastic order. This book provides the first detailed study of English monastic superiors, exploring their evolving role and reputation between the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries. Individual chapters examine the election of late medieval monastic heads; the internal functions of the superior as the father of the community; the head of house as administrator; abbatial living standards and modes of display; monastic superiors public role in service of the Church and Crown; their external relations and reputation; the interaction between monastic heads and the government in Henry VIII is England; the Dissolution of the monasteries; and the afterlives of abbots and priors following the suppression of their houses. This study of monastic leadership sheds much valuable light on the religious houses of late medieval England, including their spiritual life, administration, spending priorities, and their multi-faceted relations with the outside world.