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Abstrak :
Penelitian ini membahas mengenai kedudukan Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) di dalam perdagangan internasional. Pembahasan akan mengkaji mengenai GMO di dalam perjanjian-perjanjian internasional secara umum maupun secara khusus di dalam perjanjian-perjanjian mengenai perdagangan internasional. Pada khususnya akan dibahas mengenai status perdagangan produk GMO di WTO dengan mengacu pada perjanjian-perjanjian WTO dan sengketa mengenai produk GMO yang pernah diajukan ke Dispute Settlement Body WTO. Selanjutnya, dianalisis mengenai dampak dari penyelesaian sengketa di DSB WTO tersebut terhadap perdagangan produk GMO. Sengketa EC-Biotech (WTO 2006) memiliki dampak terkait penerapan prinsip kehati-hatian dalam upaya perlindungan terkait dengan produk GMO dan kebijakan mengenai perdagangan produk GMO. ......This research examines the position of Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) in international trade. The study will examine about GMO in general in international treaties and specifically in international treaties of international trade. The trade status of GMO will be specifically discussed in accordance with the agreements of the WTO and the case made before the WTO Dispute Settlement Body. Furthermore, the implications of the case in the WTO Dispute Settlement Body towards trade of GMO products are also analysed. The EC-Biotech Case (WTO 2006) has implications towards the application of the precautionary principle in relation with protection measures of GMO products and in trade policies involving GMO products.

Abstrak :
This research was aimed to examine the relevance of the Farmers? Term of Trade (FTT) formula (Modified Laspeyres) by comparing with the Modified Laspeyres Plus and the Fisher-WM formulas. The result presented that FTT of Food Crop applying Fisher-WM had nearly similar patterns with the Modified Laspeyres, while the Modified Laspeyres Plus tended to fluctuative patterns. The FTT Fisher-WM had similar pattern with share of nonfood expenditure, farmers? purchasing power, and farming cost. Foreasting of FTT (Fisher-WM) showed nearly similar result with FTT of BPS-Statistics Indonesia published in October and November 2013. The welfare quality of the food crop farmers in West Java, Banten, and DIY provinces was categorized as high welfare level; in Central and East Java provinces was categorized as middle welfare level; in Bali, West and East Nusa Tenggara provinces was categorized as low welfare level. Based on the results, the Modified Laspeyres formula has been still relevant to be applied, except in revealing the seasonal pattern of food crop production as shown by the Fisher-WM.

Abstrak :
Latar Belakang: MTA modifikasi merupakan perkembangan material MTA konvensional sebagai upaya untuk memperbaiki sifat fisiknya. Tujuan: Menganalisis perbedaan kebocoran mikro antara MTA konvensional dan MTA modifikasi pada penutupan perforasi. Metode: Empat puluh spesimen gigi premolar dengan perforasi lateral, ditutup dengan MTA konvensional dan MTA modifikasi. Setelah 24jam, spesimen direndam dalam tinta india selama 24jam. Kebocoran mikro dinilai dengan melihat penetrasi tinta india menggunakan mikroskop stereo (20x). Uji statistik menggunakan Chi-Square (p<0,05) Hasil: MTA modifikasi menunjukkan nilai kebocoran mikro (0,5-1mm) lebih kecil (25%) dibandingkan MTA konvensional (45%), namun tidak berbeda bermakna. Kesimpulan: Terlihat kebocoran mikro pada penutupan perforasi, baik menggunakan material MTA konvensional maupun MTA modifikasi. ......Background: Modified MTA is an advancement of MTA to improve its undesirable properties. Objective: To analyze the microleakage of conventional MTA and modified MTA in perforation treatment. Methods: Forty specimens of human’s premolar teeth with lateral perforations were sealed by conventional MTA and modified MTA. After 24 hours, the specimens were immersed in Indian ink for 24 hours. The score of microleakage was determined using stereo microscope (20x). Statistical analysis was done by Chi Square (p<0,05). Result: Less microleakage score (0,5-1mm) was detected in modified MTA (25%) compared to conventional MTA (45%), although not statistically significant. Conclusion: Microleakages were detected in both conventional and modified MTA as material for perforation treatment.

Abstrak :
Latar belakang: Saat ini, diet ketogenik menjadi salah satu penanganan epilepsi yang sulit terkontrol dengan obat anti-epilepsi (intraktabel) pada anak dan sudah mulai diterapkan di seluruh dunia.Diet ketogenik Modified Atkins Diet (MAD) adalah jenis diet ketogenik yang lebih tidak restriktif dengan prinsip yang sama dengan diet ketogenik yang klasik.Penelitian mengenai penggunaan diet ketogenik MAD pada anak dengan epilepsi intraktabel juga masih belum ada di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai pengaruh, efek samping, toleransi, tingkat kepatuhan, menu makanan diet ketogenik MAD yang mudah diterapkan pada anak dengan epilepsi intraktabel yang dipantau dalam waktu 6 bulan. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian awal dengan uji klinis pre dan post treatment pada populasi anak dengan epilepsi intraktabel yang berobat ke Poliklinik Neurologi dan Nutrisi Penyakit Metabolik Anak Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Nasional dr.Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta pada bulan November 2021 hingga Juni 2022. Hasil penelitian: Sebanyak 31 subyek penelitian memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Subyek yang menjalani diet ketogenik MAD pada bulan pertama 31 subyek (100%), bulan ke-3 13 subyek (41,9%), dan bulan ke-6 adalah 9 subyek (29%). Pengaruh diet ketogenik MAD terhadap median pengurangan frekuensi kejang pada bulan pertama 50%, p=0,144; bulan ketiga 62%, p=0,221; dan bulan keenam 83,3%, p=0,028. Efek samping diet ketogenik MAD yang paling sering adalah muntah dan diare. Tingkat ketidakpatuhan diet ketogenik MAD ditemukan pada 18 subyek (58,1%). Buku contoh menu diet ketogenik MAD untuk anak epilepsi intraktabel di Indonesia dibuat untuk memudahkan orangtua dalam menjalankan diet ketogenik. Simpulan: Pengaruh diet ketogenik MAD pada anak dengan epilepsi intraktabel yang ditunjukkan dengan penurunan frekuensi kejang (median) secara klinis pada bulan ke-1,3,6 dan bermakna secara statistik pada bulan ke-6. Penelitian dengan metode uji acak ganda tersamar dan jumlah sampel penelitian yang lebih besar, multisenter, waktu lebih lama serta menu diet ketogenik MAD khas Indonesia yang mudah diterapkan dan murah diperlukan untuk mendapatkan hasil penelitian yang lebih baik. Kata kunci: epilepsi, diet, ketogenik, modified atkins ......Background: At present, ketogenic diet has been explored as a potential treatment approach for intractable epilepsy (difficult to control with anti-epileptic drugs) in children, and is applied in various parts of the world. The Modified Atkins Diet (MAD) is a less restrictive type of ketogenic diet, while still maintaining the same principles as the classic ketogenic diet. However, no existing studies have been performed to evaluate the use of the MAD ketogenic diet in children with intractable epilepsy in Indonesia. This study aims to assess the influence, side effects, tolerance, degree of adherence, and menu of MAD ketogenic diet food that can be easily applied to children with intractable epilepsy during a 6-months monitoring period. Methods: This is a pilot pre- and post-treatment clinical trial involving children with intractable epilepsy treated at the Pediatric Neurology and Nutrition & Metabolic Diseases Outpatient Clinics at the Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital Jakarta treated between November 2021 and June 2022. Results: A total of 31 subjects met the inclusion criteria. There were 31 subjects receiving the MAD ketogenic diet in the first month (100%), followed by 13 subjects in the third month (41.9%), and 9 subjects in the sixth month (29%). The effect of ketogenic diet in reducing the frequency of seizures was 50% in the first month (p=0.144), 62% in the third month (p=0.221), and 83.3% in the sixth month 83.3% (p=0.028). The most frequent side effects of the MAD ketogenic diet were vomiting and diarrhea. Non-compliance to the MAD ketogenic diet was observed in 18 (58.1%) of subjects. A sample book of food menu complying to the MAD ketogenic diet for intractable epilepsy based on Indonesian delicacies was also created to ease parents to comply to the diet. Conclusions: Effect of the MAD ketogenic diet in children with intractable epilepsy was clinically observed as a decrease in the median frequency of seizures in the first, third, sixth month of the diet and statistically significant in the sixth month. Further multicenter double-randomized trials with larger sample size, longer observation period and the MAD ketogenic diet with indonesian menu (cheap and applicable) are also warranted to obtain more rigorous research results. Keywords: epilepsy, diet, ketogenic, modified atkins

Abstrak :
More than ten years ago, the first genetically modified foods took their place on the shelves of American supermarkets. But while American consumers remained blissfully unconcerned with the new products that suddenly filled their kitchens, Europeans were much more wary of these ?Frankenfoods.? When famine struck Africa in 2002, several nations refused shipments of genetically modified foods, fueling a controversy that put the issue on the world's political agenda for good.

Abstrak :
The photocatalytic degradation of methylcyclohexane (MCH) in two phases (aqueous and vapor) was examined using modified titania that was immobilized on pumice and performed in the system of a specific condition. The photodegradation system that used a particular configuration reactor and modified catalyst could facilitate the two-phase photodegradation of MCH simultaneously. The photocatalyst was prepared by the mechanical mixing of urea and TiO2 P25 with mass ratios of 1:3 and 2:3, respectively and then calcined at 350 and 450oC. This modified photocatalyst was then immobilized on pumice and finally used for the photodegradation of MCH. The Infrared spectra studies revealed that modified titania with urea successfully incorporated a non-metal dopant within the TiO2 lattice. The catalyst that spread evenly across the surface of the pumice can be seen from Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) characterization. The loading of 7.5% mass photocatalyst that immobilized on pumice degraded MCH in two-phases simultaneously during a 120 minute period and can be considered the optimum condition.

Abstrak :
The photocatalytic degradation of methylcyclohexane (MCH) in two phases (aqueous and vapor) was examined using modified titania that was immobilized on pumice and performed in the system of a specific condition. The photodegradation system that used a particular configuration reactor and modified catalyst could facilitate the two-phase photodegradation of MCH simultaneously. The photocatalyst was prepared by the mechanical mixing of urea and TiO2 P25 with mass ratios of 1:3 and 2:3, respectively and then calcined at 350 and 450oC. This modified photocatalyst was then immobilized on pumice and finally used for the photodegradation of MCH. The Infrared spectra studies revealed that modified titania with urea successfully incorporated a non-metal dopant within the TiO2 lattice. The catalyst that spread evenly across the surface of the pumice can be seen from Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) characterization. The loading of 7.5% mass photocatalyst that immobilized on pumice degraded MCH in two-phases simultaneously during a 120 minute period and can be considered the optimum condition.

Abstrak :
ABSTRACT
At the department of Biology - University of Indonesia, the use of a modified von Hemel procedure in slide processing often gives incomplete metaphases due to chromosome losses during the processing. This study is to know the percentage of the incomplete metaphases, to test if the chromosome loss is influenced by chromosome size, and how far all of these will give rise to a false diagnosis. The material is a harvest of fixated blood culture from five normal female patients (46,XX). Slides were prepared from the material and "R-band" stained. Then we analyzed and searched for 115 metaphases with only one chromosome loss that could be analyzed. The result shows that 64.19 % out of 1303 metaphases were incomplete, and 9.29 % or 121 metaphases with only one chromosome loss. It is found that each chromosome has different probability of loss which depends on the size of chromosome. The smaller the chromosome, the greater the chance of loss, but all of these do not lead to any false diagnosis. Chromosome Loss During Slide Processing Using a Modified Von Hemel Procedure;Chromosome Loss During Slide Processing Using a Modified Von Hemel Procedure