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"Ever since the Industrial Revolution of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, industrialization has been the key to modern economic growth. The fact that modern industry originated in Britain, and spread initially to northwestern Europe and North America, implied a dramatic divergence in living standards between the industrial North (or West) and a non-industrial, or even de-industrializing, South (or Rest). This nineteenth-century divergence, which had profound economic, military, and geopolitical implications, has been studied in great detail by many economists and historians. Today, this divergence between the West and the Rest is visibly unravelling, as economies in Asia, Latin America, and even Sub Saharan Africa converge on the rich economies of Europe and North America. This phenomenon, which is set to define the twenty first century, both economically and politically, has also been the subject of a considerable amount of research. Less appreciated, however, are the deep historical roots of this convergence process, and in particular of the spread of modern industry to the global periphery. This book fills this gap by providing a systematic, comparative, historical account of the spread of modern manufacturing beyond its traditional heartland, to Southern and Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Asia, Africa and Latin America, or what we call the poor periphery. It identifies the timing of this convergence (fastest in the inter-war and import substituting post Second World War years, not the more recent miracle growth years), and identifies which driving forces were common to all periphery countries, and which were not."

"ABSTRAKBelum ada peraturan yang mengharuskan perusahaan di luar industri keuangandan perbankan untuk menerapkan manajemen risiko, karenanya saat ini PT XYZbelum memiliki pengukuran risiko khususnya risiko operasional. Namun perusahaanmenyadari bahwa retail minimarket modern yang dikelolanya memilikipotensi risiko operasional yang besar yang mungkin dihadapinya di kemudianhari, maka ada keinginan kuat dari perusahaan untuk menerapkan manajemenrisiko. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi, mengukur cadangankerugian risiko operasional (operational Value at Risk), dan memitigasi risiko operasionalyang mungkin dialami oleh PT. XYZ. Dari proses indentifikasi ditemukanbahwa risiko operasional yang paling signifikan terhadap bisnis perusahaan adalahrisiko hilangnya persediaan barang dagangan di toko ritel minimarket. PengukuranOpVaR dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode loss distribution approach menghasilkanangka sebesar Rp. 11.885.041.054 dan dinyatakan valid setelah dilakukanbacktesting.

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ABSTRACTThere are no regulations requiring companies outside the financial and bankingindustry to implement risk management, hence the current PT. XYZ does not havea particular risk measurement of operational risk. However, the company realizedthat retail modern minimarket has great potential operational risks that may be encounteredin the future, then there is a strong desire of companies to implement riskmanagement. This study was conducted to identify, measure operational risk lossreserves or Operational Value at Risk, and mitigate operational risks that may beexperienced by PT. XYZ. From the identification process, this study finds that themost significant operational risks to the company?s business is the risk of loss ofmerchandise supply in a retail minimarket store. OpVaR measurements performedusing the loss distribution approach amounted to IDR 11,885,041,054 and declaredvalid after backtesting."