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"Several series of trawl surveys were carried out in the waters of Perhentian Islands using commercial trawlers.16S mithochondrial rRNA gene sequences were used to infer the phylogenetic relationship among nine morphospecies of leiognathids...."

"Background: Adaptation and natural selection serve as an important part of evolution. Adaptation in molecular levelcan lead to genetic drift which causes mutation of genetic material; one of which is polymorphism of mitochondrialDNA (mtDNA). The aim of this study is to verify the polymorphism of mitochondrially-encoded AdenosineTriphosphate synthase6gene (MT-ATP6) as one of mtDNA building blocks among tropic, sub-tropic, and polar areas.Methods: This descriptive quantitative research used 3,210 mtDNA sequences, taken from GenBank, as secondary datafrom 27 different populations. The data were grouped into 3 population groups based on the climates of their location.After grouping, the sequences were then aligned and trimmed using Unipro EUGENE, and analyzed by Arlequin andMitoTool. Results: Results demonstrated 21 haplotypes distributed among 3 populations with variations between eachclimate population. In the tropic and sub-tropic populations, the dominant haplotype is h1 while h6 is dominant in thepolar population. Conclusions: There is a variation of haplotype polymorphism between tropic, sub-tropic, and polarclimate population."

"Adaptation and natural selection serve as an important part of evolution. Adaptation in molecular levelcan lead to genetic drift which causes mutation of genetic material; one of which is polymorphism of mitochondrialDNA (mtDNA). The aim of this study is to verify the polymorphism of mitochondrially-encoded AdenosineTriphosphate synthase6gene (MT-ATP6) as one of mtDNA building blocks among tropic, sub-tropic, and polar areas.Methods: This descriptive quantitative research used 3,210 mtDNA sequences, taken from GenBank, as secondary datafrom 27 different populations. The data were grouped into 3 population groups based on the climates of their location.After grouping, the sequences were then aligned and trimmed using Unipro EUGENE, and analyzed by Arlequin andMitoTool. Results: Results demonstrated 21 haplotypes distributed among 3 populations with variations between eachclimate population. In the tropic and sub-tropic populations, the dominant haplotype is h1 while h6 is dominant in thepolar population. Conclusions: There is a variation of haplotype polymorphism between tropic, sub-tropic, and polarclimate population."

"Kuskus (Phalangerids) adalah marsupial endemik yang distribusinya di wilayah Indonesia Timur. Populasi kuskus di Indonesia cenderung menurun. Hal ini karena aktivitas manusia seperti penebangan pohon yang illegal, perburuan yang berlebihan dan perusakan habitat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengidentifikasi genetika cuscus berdasarkan pada gen subunit 1 sitokrom c oksidase dan melakukan analisis pohon filogeni. Gen sitokrom c oksidase subunit I dari DNA mitokondria dianalisis menggunakan PCR. Hasil sekuensing dianalisis menggunakan MEGA 7. Rekonstruksi pohon filogenetik dibuat menggunakan metode Neighbor-joining sedangkan analisis jarak genetik menggunakan metode Kimura. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sampel cuscus dari pulau Halmahera berada satu clade dengan Phalanger sp. dan sampel dari Pulau Seram berada satu clade dengan Spilocuscus sp. Cuscus (Phalanger ornatus) adalah salah satu marsupial endemik yang dilindungi oleh pemerintah. Di Indonesia, habitat P.ornatus ditemukan di hutan primer dan sekunder di Pulau Halmahera. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi karakteristik habitat, jenis pakan, dan pohon sarang P.ornatus di Pulau Halmahera. Penelitian ini dilakukan 2 bulan dari Mei hingga Juni 2016. Karakteristik habitat diidentifikasi menggunakan analisis vegetasi, sedangkan jenis pakan dan spesies pohon sarang diidentifikasi dengan pengamatan langsung dan tidak langsung. Indeks nilai penting tingkat pohon tertinggi, Ficus sp. dan Dracontomelon dao. Pada habitat P.ornatus, terdapat 42 spesies tanaman yang dimanfaatkan oleh P.ornatus. Persentase tertinggi bagian tanaman yang dimakan oleh P.ornatus, berturut-turut adalah buah (55,36%) dan daun muda (35,72%), bunga (7,14%), dan pucuk (1,79%). Hampir semua pohon yang digunakan sebagai tempat bersarang oleh P.ornatus juga merupakan pohon yang menjadi pakan. Pohon yang menjadi sarang P.ornatus terdiri atas 9 spesies, yaitu Buchanania arborescens, Barringtonia asiatica, Palaquium obovatum, Dracontomelon dao, Cocos nucifera, Ficus sp., Ficus virens, dan Pandanus sp. Komunitas suku Tobelo Dalam yang tinggal di desa Saolat, distrik Wasile Selatan memiliki kebiasaan melakukan aktivitas perburuan hewan di hutan-hutan sekitar desa, termasuk perburuan kuskus untuk tujuan penjualan dan konsumsi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan pengetahuan tradisional masyarakat Tobelo Dalam di desa Saolat dalam menerapkan sistem pemanfaatan dan pengetahuan konservasi lokal terhadap kuskus. Penelitian ini dianalisis dengan metode kualitatif menggunakan teknik survei eksploratif, wawancara, dan pengisian kuesioner. Penelitian ini menggunakan 4 informan kunci (3 pria, 1 wanita) dan 50 responden dewasa (25 pria dan 25 wanita). Hasil kuesioner menunjukkan bahwa skor rata-rata pengetahuan dasar tentang karakteristik kehidupan kuskus, yang diperoleh oleh responden laki-laki adalah 9,93 dan responden perempuan adalah 6,42, sedangkan untuk pengetahuan konservasi kuskus, skor rata-rata yang diperoleh oleh responden laki-laki adalah 18 dan responden wanita 10.77. Ini menunjukkan bahwa pengetahuan yang dimiliki laki-laki tentang kuskus lebih dari pengetahuan perempuan. Komunitas suku Tobelo Dalam berburu kuskus untuk empat tujuan yang berbeda, yaitu, untuk upacara tradisional, obat tradisional, masakan, dan menjualnya untuk mendapatkan lebih banyak pendapatan untuk mendukung ekonomi keluarga.

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Cuscuses (Phalangerids) are the endemic marsupial distributed in eastern Indonesia. Population cuscus in Indonesia is decrease. It due to current human activities such as land use changes, excessive hunting and habitat destruction lead to a declining population of cuscus. The aim of this study was to identify the genetics of cuscus based on the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene and phylogeny tree analysis. The cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene of mitochondrial DNA was analyzed using PCR. Genetic analysis results were analyzed using MEGA 7. Reconstruction of phylogenetic trees used the Neighbor-joining method while pairwise distance analysis used Kimura method. The results showed that cuscuses samples from Halmahera island are shown one clade with Phalanger sp. and from Seram Island is one clade with Spilocuscus sp. Cuscus (Phalanger ornatus) is one of the endemic protected marsupials. In Indonesia, the ornatus cuscus habitats found in primary and secondary forests on Halmahera Island. This study aims to identify habitat characteristics, types of feed, and nest trees on Halmahera Island. This research was conducted 2 months from May to June 2016. Characteristics of habitat were identified using vegetation analysis, while feed types and nest tree species were identified by direct and indirect observations. The highest tree-level important value index, Ficus sp. and Dracontomelon dao. In the cuscus ornatus habitat, are 42 species of plants which are recorded cuscus ornatus. The highest percentage of plant parts eaten by cuscus ornatus is fruit (55,36%) and young leaves (35,72%), flowers (7,14%), and shoots (1,79%) respectivelly. Almost all the trees used as nesting places by cuscus ornatus is also feed trees, which consist of 8 species, namely Buchanania arborescens, Barringtonia asiatica, Palaquium obovatum, Dracontomelon dao, Cocos nucifera, Ficus sp., Ficus virens, and Pandanus sp. The Tobelo Dalam tribal community who live in Saolat village, district South Wasile provokes the high activity of animal poaching in forests around the village, including cuscus hunting for both sale and consumption purposes. The study aimed to describe the traditional knowledge of Tobelo Dalam people in Saolat village in applying the systems of utilization and local conservation knowledge towards cuscus. This study was analyzed by the qualitative method with explorative survey technique, interview, and completing questionnaires. This study used 4 key informants (3 males, 1 female) and 50 adult respondents (25 males and 25 females). The questionnaire results showed that the average score of basic knowledge about the life characteristics of cuscus, obtained by male respondents was 9,93 and female respondents were 6,42, whereas for knowledge of cuscus conservation, the average score obtained by male respondents was 18 and female respondents 10,77. This indicates that the knowledge that male have about cuscus is more than that of female. The community of Tobelo Dalam tribe hunts cuscus for four different purposes, i.e., for traditional ceremonies, traditional medicine, cuisine, and sell it for more income to support the economy of family."

"Objektif: infertilitas didefinisikan sebagai kelainan reproduksi yang terjadi secara klinis sebagai gagalnya memperoleh kehamilan dalam 12 bulan setelah hubungan seksual rutin. Teknologi reproduksi berbantu merupakan bentuk teknologi yang membantu peningkatan kesuksesan kehamilan dalam kasus infertilitas. Salah satu factor penting dalam Teknik ini adalah viabilitas oosit. Salah satu yang mempengaruhi viabilitas oosit adalah nutrisi maternal. Nutrisi maternal dalam bentuk suplementasi kedelai diduga dapat mempengaruhi viabilitas oosit. Oleh karena itu, efeknya perlu diteliti lebih lanjut.Metode: mencit betina strain Swiss berusia 6 minggu dibagi dalam dua grup, grup dengan pemberian pakan kedelai sebanyak 120 g/kgBB dan grup tanpa pemberian pakan kedelai. Kedua grup kemudian diterminasi pada minggu ke 8 untuk koleksi oosit. Oosit diwarnai menggunakan MitoTracker untuk menilai potensial membrane mitokondria dan TUNEL untuk menilai tingkat apoptosis. Pendaran cahaya dinilai menggunakan mikroskop konfokal kemudian dianalisis menggunakan piranti lunak ImageJ. Oosit dari dua grup juga difertilisasi menggunakan metode ICSI dan diamati perkembangannya selama 5 hariHasil: Diperoleh 10 oosit dari kelompok dengan kedelai dan 7 oosit dari kelompok tanpa kedelai. Rerata intensitas warna pada kelompok dengan kedelai lebih rendah (0,89 + 0.15) dibandingkan dengan kelompok tanpa kedelai (2,57 + 0,6). Uji Mann-Whitney menunjukkan adanya perbedaan statistic ecara signifikan di antara kedua grup (p<0,05). 16 oosit dari kelompok kedelai dan 7 oosit dari kelompok tanpa kedelai dianalisis menggunakan MitoTracker dan diperoleh bahwa intensitas cahaya dari kelompok kedelai lebih tinggi, namun uji statistik tidak menunjukkan adanya perbedaan rerata yang signifikan.Kesimpulan: suplementasi kedelai dapat meningkatkan viabilitas oosit secara signifikan dengan menurunkan tingkat apoptosis yang ditandai dengan adanya penurunan fragmentasi DNA. Tidak ada perbedaan signifikan yang diamati pada viabilitas membrane kedua kelompok.

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Objective: Infertility is defined as a reproductive disorder that occurs clinically as a failure to get a pregnancy in at least 12 months of sexual intercourse. Assisted Reproductive Technology is a form of technology that helps reproductive success in infertility cases. One of the important factors in this technique is oocyte viability. One factor that influences oocyte viability is maternal nutrition. Maternal nutrition in form of soybean supplementation is thought to have benefits in oocyte viability. Therefore, the effect needs to be further investigated.Method: Female mice from Swiss strain aged 6 weeks were divided into two groups, groups with soybean feed with of 120 g / kgBW and groups without being fed soybeans. Both groups were terminated at 8 weeks of age for oocyte collection. The oocyte is stained with MitoTracker for assessing the mitochondrial membrane potential and TUNEL for assessing the apoptotic level. The luminescence was assessed using a confocal microscope. The luminescence was then analyzed using ImageJ software. Oocytes from the 2 groups are also fertilized using ICSI and observed for 5 days for the morphological development of the embryo.Results: 10 oocytes were gathered for groups with soy treatment and 7 for groups without soy treatment. The average color intensity of the group with soybean treatment was lower (0,89 + 0.15) compared to the group without soybean treatment (2,57 + 0,6). The Mann-Whitney statistical test showed a significant difference in the mean of the two groups (p<0,05). 16 oocytes from the soybean group and 7 from the pellet-only group was analyzed using MitoTracker and the average intensity for the soybean group is higher, but the difference is not statistically significant after analysis using independent paired t-test (p>0,05).Conclusion: Soybean supplementation can significantly increase the oocyte viability by reducing apoptosis levels in mice oocytes which is marked by a decrease in DNA fragmentation. No significant difference is observed between the 2 groups regarding mitochondrial membrane viability."

"Mitochondria are far more than the “powerhouse” of the cell as they have classically been described. In fact, mitochondria biological activities have progressively expanded to include not only various bioenergetic processes but also important biosynthetic pathways, calcium homeostasis and thermogenesis, cell death by apoptosis, several different signal transduction pathways mainly related to redox control of gene expression and so on. This functional and structural complexity may undergo important derangements so to justify the definition of ‘mitochondrial medicine’, which should include all the clinical consequences of congenital or acquired mitochondrial dysfunctions. There are actually a growing number of studies which assign a significant pathogenic role to damaged mitochondria in different diseases: ischemia/reperfusion injury, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer with its dramatic sequelae (i.e, metastasis), metabolic syndrome, hyperlipidemias, just to mention a few of the most important pathologies. In this context, a further aspect that should not be disregarded is the interaction of pharmacological agents with mitochondria, not only in regard of the toxicological aspects but, above all, of the potential therapeutic applications. In fact, it is interesting to note that, while the properties of different so-called “mitoxicants” are well-known, the subtle linkages between drugs and mitochondria is still in need of a real pharmacological and therapeutic control at the clinical level. "

"ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Zoonosis malaria telah menjadi perhatian komunitas kesehatan dunia setelah adanya laporan kasus di Sarawak pada tahun 2004. Penyakit ini disebabkan oleh parasit malaria satwa primata Plasmodium knowlesi dengan inang alami Macaca fascicularis dan M. nemestrina. Baku emas diagnosis parasit malaria masih berdasarkan pada identifikasi mikroskopik. Selain membutuhkan keahlian yang tinggi, teknik ini terkadang sulit menentukan spesies parasit bila terjadi infeksi campuran dan parasitemia yang sangat rendah. Belakangan diusulkan DNA barcoding, suatu metode identifikasi menggunakan penanda gen sitokrom c oksidase subunit I COI DNA mitokondria untuk spesiasi. Penelitian yang dilakukan bertujuan untuk mengembangkan metode identifikasi spesies parasit menggunakan gen COI sebagai penanda molekul dan mengungkap dasar molekul transmisi zoonosis parasit malaria dengan mempelajari peran gen penyandi protein DARC Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines dan DBP Duffy Binding Protein yang berhubungan dengan invasi sel darah merah.Metode: Verifikasi potensi barcode COI sebagai penanda identifikasi spesies parasit malaria dilakukan dengan studi in-silico, sedangkan validasi penggunaan barcode COI dilakukan dengan analisis sensitivitas dan spesifisitas. Teknologi molekuler PCR-Sequencing dilakukan untuk mengaplikasikan barcode COI pada penapisan parasit malaria di populasi manusia dan satwa primata, serta identifikasi variasi genetik gen penyandi protein DARC dan DBP terutama pada daerah pengikatan ligan parasit dan reseptor inang.Hasil: Studi in-silico menunjukkan bahwa DNA barcoding berpotensi sebagai penanda identifikasi parasit malaria. Primer yang dirancang mengamplifikasi daerah COI sepanjang 670 pb berhasil mengidentifikasi parasit malaria dengan sensitivitas 1 ndash; 3 parasit/ l. Pada penapisan parasit malaria di populasi manusia di Kalimantan Tengah ditemukan 3,34 78/2309 kasus malaria, di mana dua diantaranya adalah kasus malaria knowlesi, yang secara statistik berbeda bermakna bila dibandingkan dengan mikroskopik 2,82 dan 18S rRNA 1,82 . Pada daerah yang sama, penapisan parasit malaria di populasi satwa primata, ditemukan 52,01 168/323 sampel orangutan dan 23,25 10/43 sampel monyet Macaca positif malaria. Spesies parasit yang ditemukan pada orangutan adalah P. species tipe parasit ovale, P. species tipe vivax-cynomolgi, P. species tipe vivax-hylobati dan P. species tipe malariae-inui, sedangkan pada monyet Macaca meliputi P. knowlesi, P. coatneyi, P. inui, juga P. spesies tipe malariae-inui, spesies parasit yang sama ditemukan di orangutan. Studi ini juga menemukan keanekaragaman genetik pada gen penyandi protein Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines manusia maupun satwa primata dan Duffy Binding Protein parasit malaria yang memainkan peran penting dalam invasi parasit malaria.Kesimpulan: Barcode COI dapat secara spesifik dan sensitif mengidentifikasi spesies parasit malaria dan dapat diaplikasikan sebagai alat identifikasi zoonosis malaria. Terdapat variasi genetik gen penyandi protein Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines dan Duffy Binding Protein yang berhubungan dengan invasi sel darah merah.

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ABSTRACTBackground Zoonotic case of malaria had just come to the attention of public health communities after the Sarawak study in 2004. Zoonotic malaria is caused by Plasmodium knowlesi, primarily a simian malaria parasite in wild long tail macaque Macaca fascicularis and pig tail macaque M. nemestrina as the reservoir hosts. The diagnosis of malaria parasites has mainly relied on the microscopic examination. However, this method is labor intensive, requires an experienced microscopist and difficult in identifying mixed infections in very low parasitemia cases. Recently, DNA barcoding system, which is based on the PCR amplification of a short and highly conserved region of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase sub unit I COI has shown to be an invaluable tool for diagnosing and differentiating the species of wide range of organisms. This study was aimed to develop identification tools of malaria parasite by using mtDNA COI gene as a molecular marker and reveal the molecular basis of zoonotic malaria by identifying the genetic variation of protein coding gene of DARC Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines and DBP Duffy Binding Protein that are related to receptor ligand interaction in red blood cell invasion.Methods In silico study was carried out for verifying the potential of DNA barcoding based on the mtDNA COI gene sequence as a marker identification. Sensitivity and specificity analyses were carried out to validate the use of DNA barcoding for medical diagnosis of parasitic infection. Molecular technology of PCR Sequencing was carried out for screening malaria parasit in human and non human primate population and identifying the genetic variation within protein coding gene of DARC and DBP. Results We have initiated a study to explore the use of DNA barcoding for malaria parasite diagnosis through in silico study. We have thus designed primers spanning a 670 bp fragment of the 5 rsquo region of COI gene that could detect parasite isolates as low as 1 3 parasite per l. DNA barcode was used to detect malaria parasite in human population in Central Kalimantan. Of the 2309 subjects, 78 3.34 subjects were malaria positive of which two samples were determined as P. knowlesi infection. The detection rate of COI barcode was significantly higher as compared to microscopic 2.82 and 18S rRNA 1.82 analyses. Of the 366 non human primate samples that include 323 orangutan and 43 macaque 168 orangutan were found to be positive for either P. species ovale type, P. species vivax cynomolgi type, P. species vivax hylobati type and P. species malariae inui type. In macaque, 10 samples were positive for P. knowlesi, P. coatneyi, P. inui and P. species malariae inui type similar to that found in orangutan. The study has also found genetic variation in both human and non human primates Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines and malaria parasite Duffy Binding Protein.Conclusions The study showed that mtDNA COI can be used to diagnose malaria parasites at very low parasitemia level and applied as a diagnosis tool for identification of zoonotic malaria. There is genetic variation in both human and non human primates Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines and malaria parasite Duffy Binding Protein as major determinants for the invasion of malaria parasite."

"Doxorubicin (DOX) dilemahkan oleh toksisitas jantung dan ginjal meskipun efektif melawan kanker. Walaupun dexrazoxane tersedia untuk mengatasi toksisitas DOX, efektivitasnya terbatas, begitu pula obat konvensional seperti beta-blocker dan statin. Penelitian ini menyelidiki efek perlindungan ekstrak etanol daun Andrographis panikulata (EEAP) terhadap toksisitas jantung dan ginjal yang diinduksi oleh DOX pada tikus sehat dengan fokus pada mekanisme anti-inflamasi dan mitokondria. Sebanyak 30 ekor (5 kelompok) tikus Sprague Dawley diaklimatisasi selama 2 minggu. Kelompok normal mendapat saline (ip) selama 4 minggu. Kelompok DOX menerima doxorubicin (4mg/kg/minggu). Kelompok perlakuan (DOX+EEAP) menerima doksorubisin dan ekstrak daun Andrographis Paniculata dengan dosis bervariasi (125, 250, 500 mg/kg/hari) secara oral selama 4 minggu. Setelah darah dan organ (jantung, ginjal) dikumpulkan, darah dianalisis untuk elektrolit (kalsium dan natrium). Jaringan dianalisis sebagai penanda inflamasi (NF-κB, IL-1β, NLRP-3), fungsi mitokondria (PGC1-α, TFAM), dan gambaran histopatologis yang menggunakan pewarnaan hematoxylin dan eosin (H&E) serta pewarnaan trikrom Masson. Kadar kalsium jantung juga diukur. Pengobatan bersama EEAP menurunkan natrium dan kalsium plasma dan kadar penanda inflamasi IL-1β dan NLRP-3 di jaringan jantung dan ginjal tetapi tidak menunjukkan efek signifikan pada ekspresi PGC1-α dan TFAM dibandingkan dengan kelompok DOX. Selain itu, kadar kalsium jantung berkurang. Lebih lanjut, konsentrasi NF-кB berkurang sedikit oleh EEAP dibandingkan dengan kelompok DOX saja. EEAP kemungkinan besar terlindungi dari peradangan yang disebabkan oleh DOX yang mengarah pada pemulihan histologi jantung dan ginjal menjadi normal. Efek perlindungan EEAP dalam penelitian ini dimediasi, setidaknya sebagian, oleh modulasi jalur NF-ĸB/NLRP3/IL-1β.

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Doxorubicin (DOX), despite its effectiveness against cancer, is compromised by cardiac and renal toxicity. While dexrazoxane exists for DOX toxicity, its effectiveness is limited, as are conventional drugs like beta-blockers and statins. This study investigates the protective effects of an ethanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata leaves (EEAP) against DOX-induced cardiac and renal toxicity in healthy rats, focusing on anti-inflammatory and mitochondrial mechanisms. 30 Sprague Dawley rats (5 groups) were acclimatized for 2 weeks. The normal group received saline (ip) for 4 weeks. The DOX group received only doxorubicin (4mg/kg/week). Treatment groups (DOX+EEAP) received doxorubicin and varying doses (125, 250, 500 mg/kg/day) of Andrographis paniculata leaf extract orally for 4 weeks. After sacrifice, blood and organs (heart, kidneys) were collected. Blood was analysed for electrolytes (calcium and sodium). Tissues were analysed for inflammatory markers (NF-κB, IL-1β, NLRP-3), mitochondrial function (PGC1-α, TFAM), and histopathological features using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) or Masson’s trichrome stain. Cardiac calcium levels were also measured. EEAP co-treatment lowered plasma sodium and calcium, decreased levels of inflammatory markers (IL-1β and NLRP-3) in heart and kidney tissues, but showed no significant effect on PGC1-α and TFAM expression compared to the DOX group. Additionally, cardiac calcium levels were reduced. Further, NF-кB concentration was slightly reduced by EEAP compared to the DOX only group. EEAP likely protected against DOX-induced inflammation, leading to a restoration of normal heart and kidney histology. EEAP's protective effects in this study were mediated, at least in part, by modulation of the NF-ĸB/NLRP3/IL-1β pathway."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian dengan tujuan melihat perbedaan jumlah salinan mtDNA pada ibu hamil malnutrisi sebelum dilakukan suplementasi dalam penelitian SUMMIT (Supplementation of multiple micronutrient intervention trial). Sampel yang digunakan berupa sampel darah kering dari penelitian SUMMIT yang berjumlah 72. Jumlah salinan mtDNA diestimasi dengan metode qPCR. Analisis statistik menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan jumlah salinan mtDNA yang signifikan pada kelompok IFA dan MMN (p > 0,05), subkelompok BBLR dan BBLN kelompok IFA (p > 0,05), subkelompok BBLR dan BBLN kelompok MMN (p > 0,05), dan antar subkelompok (p > 0,05). Namun, hasil analisis rerata jumlah salinan mtDNA menunjukkan adanya indikasi awal perbedaan jumlah salinan mtDNA, dengan rerata jumlah salinan mtDNA kelompok MMN (28,57) > kelompok IFA (22,89) dan rerata jumlah salinan mtDNA subkelompok BBLR kelompok MMN (38,01) > subkelompok BBLR kelompok IFA (26,81). Walaupun demikian, hasil tersebut tidak konklusif karena secara statistik tidak menunjukkan signifikansi. Diperlukan jumlah sampel yang lebih banyak dan homogenisasi variabel lain yang dapat memengaruhi jumlah salinan mtDNA untuk penelitian selanjutnya.

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This research aims to determine the variation of mtDNA copy number in undernourished pregnant mothers before supplementation in SUMMIT (Supplementation of multiple micronutrient intervention trial) study. Seventy-two of dried blood samples from SUMMIT study were used in this study and mtDNA copy number was estimated with qPCR method. Statistical analysis (U-Mann Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis) test showed no significant difference of mtDNA copy number between IFA and MMN group (p > 0,05), subgroup LBW and NBW in IFA group (p > 0,05), subgroup LBW and NBW in MMN group (p > 0,05), and among all subgroup (p > 0,05). However, the result of mean analysis indicated that mtDNA copy number had different means: mtDNA copy number in MMN group (28,57) > IFA group (22,89), meanwhile subgroup LBW in MMN group (38,01) > subgroup NBW in IFA group (26,81). These finding was still not conclusive due to the absent of statistical significant. More samples and consideration of other variables were needed for further study."