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"Bermacam-macam jenis instrumen optik telah banyak diciptakan untuk membantu aktifitas manusia. Teleskop sebagai salah satu instrumen optik berfungsi untuk membantu manusia dalam melihat objek yang berjarak jauh, sedangkan mikroskop berfungsi untuk melihat objek yang berukuran kecil. Ditinjau dari faktor harga, harga teleskop cenderung lebih tinggi dibanding mikroskop, walaupun hal tersebut tergantung pada kemampuan, kualitas, dan faktor lainnya. Perbedaan harga dari kedua instrumen menjadi latar belakang penelitian ini. Melalui penelitian ini akan dibahas mengenai penggunaan instrumen yang lebih murah (mikroskop) agar dapat berfungsi seperti teleskop dengan tujuan efisiensi biaya. Metode yang dilakukan yaitu dengan penambahan lensa tambahan pada mikroskop, dan selanjutnya gambar yang dihasilkan dianalisa dan diperbaiki kualitasnya dengan software Matlab. Dari hasil uji coba diperoleh persentase error rata-rata sebesar 31,21% dengan variasi jarak benda antara 2,10 m hingga 9,70 m.

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The various types of optical instruments have been created to assist human activities. Telescope as one of the optical instruments used to assist people in seeing distant objects, while the microscope used to see small objects. Judging from the price factor, telescope prices tend to be higher than the microscope, although it depends on the ability, quality, and other factors. The difference in price of both instruments becomes the background of this research. Through this research will be discussed regarding the use of cheaper instruments (microscope) in order to function like a telescope with the goal of cost efficiency. The method performed by adding an additional lens in the microscope, and then the resulting image will be analyzed and its quality repaired by Matlab software. From the result of research, average error percentage gained is 31,21% with variety of object distance between 2,10 m until 9,70 m. "

"Pendahuluan: Berbagai pilihan produk braket dan kawat ortodonti tersedia di pasaransehingga para ortodontis harus lebih cermat dalam melakukan seleksi terhadap produkbraket dan kawat yang digunakan. Ukuran tinggi slot braket dan dan diameter kawatortodonti yang tercantum pada label kemasan dapat berbeda dengan ukuran hasilpengukuran. Hal ini dapat mempengaruhi hasil pergerakan gigi yang terjadi selamaperawatan ortodonti. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui ukuran tinggislot braket dan diameter kawat sebenernya dari produk 3M/Unitek, Ormco, danDentaurum serta menganalisis perbedaannya dengan ukuran yang tertera pada kemasan.Metode: Sampel penelitian terdiri dari 30 braket gigi insisif atas slot 0.022 inci dan 45kawat ukuran 0,019 x 0,025 inci yang terdiri dari merk 3M/Unitek, Ormco, danDentaurum. Pengukuran tinggi slot braket dan diameter kawat ortodonti dilakukanmenggunakan Mikroskop Stereoskop Discovery V12 (Carl Zeiss Microimaging GmbH,Jerman) disertai perangkat komputer dan AxioCam.Hasil: Nilai rerata ukuran tinggi slot braket Ormco hasil pengukuran adalah 0,488 mm,3M/Unitek adalah 0,491 mm, Dentaurum adalah 0,538 mm. Nilai rerata ukurandiameter kawat Ormco berupa tinggi kawat hasil pengukuran adalah 0,413 mm danlebar kawat hasil pengukuran adalah 0,496 mm, nilai rerata ukuran diameter kawat3M/Unitek berupa tinggi kawat hasil pengukuran adalah 0,413 mm dan lebar kawathasil pengukuran adalah 0,500 mm, nilai rerata ukuran diameter kawat Dentaurumberupa tinggi kawat hasil pengukuran adalah 0,419 mm dan lebar kawat hasilpengukuran adalah 0,510 mm.Kesimpulan: Terdapat perbedaan bermakna rerata ukuran tinggi slot braket dandiameter berupa tinggi dan lebar kawat ortodonti produk 3M/Unitek, Ormco, danDentaurum pada hasil pengukuran dengan ukuran pada kemasan.

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Introduction: A wide selection of orthodontic brackets and wire products are available so

orthodontists must be more careful in selecting the bracket and wire products used. The

height of the bracket slot and the diameter of the orthodontic wire indicated on the

packaging label may differ from the result of the real measurement. This can affect

tooth movement that occurs during orthodontic treatment. The purpose of this study was

to determine the size of the bracket slot height and wire diameter of the 3M/Unitek,

Ormco, and Dentaurum products and to analyze the difference with the sizes listed on

the packaging.

Method: The research sample consisted of 30 incisor brackets which have 0.559 mm

(0.022 inch) slot and 45 wires which have 0,48 x 0,64 mm (0.019 x 0.025 inch)

diameter consisting of the 3M/Unitek, Ormco, and Dentaurum brands. The

measurement of the bracket slot height and the diameter of the orthodontic wire was

carried out using the Discovery V12 Stereoscopic Microscope (Carl Zeiss

Microimaging GmbH, Germany) along with a computer and an AxioCam.

Results: The mean value of the measured Ormco bracket slot height measurement is

0.488 mm, 3M/Unitek is 0.491 mm, Dentaurum is 0.538 mm. The average value of the

Ormco wire diameter in measured wire height is 0.413 mm and the measured wire

width is 0.496 mm, the mean value of 3M/Unitek wire diameter in measured wire height

is 0.413 mm and the measured wire width is 0.500 mm, the mean value the diameter of

the Dentaurum wire in measured wire height is 0.419 mm and the measured wire width

is 0.510 mm.

Conclusions: There is a significant difference in the mean diameter size in the form of

height and width of the orthodontic wire of 3M/Unitek, Ormco, and Dentaurum

products measured by the size on the packaging."

"Typical clinical symptoms and chest X-ray is a marker of Tuberculosis (TB) sufferers. However, the diagnosis of TB in adults should be supported by microscopic examination. Currently, Bacilli microscopic examination of acid-fast bacilli (AFB) in sputum by Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) coloring is the most widely used. However, for reasons of convenience,especially for laboratories with a considerable amount of smear samples, and due to higher sensitivity compared with ZN staining, the World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended the use of auramine-O-staining (fluorochrome staining), which is visualized by light emitting diode (LED) fluorescence microscopy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of modified light microscope with homemade LED additional attachment for examination ofAFB in sputum using auramine-O-staining method. We compared the sensitivity and specificity of 2 kinds of AFB in sputum methods: ZN and fluorochrome, using culture on Lowenstein-Jensen media as the gold standard. The results showed auramine-O-staining gives more proportion of positive findings (81%) compared to the ZN method (70%). These results demonstrated that the sensitivity of auramine-O-staining was higher than ZN, however it gives more potential false positive results than ZN. The sensitivity of auramine-O-staining in detecting AFB in sputum was 100% while the specificity was 88%."

"Latar Belakang: Peran root surface conditioning terhadap keberadaan smear layer. Tujuan: Menganalisis hubungan antara penggunaan root surface conditioning (minosiklin 2,1% dan EDTA 24%) terhadap keberadaan smear layer setelah penghalusan akar gigi. Metoda: Sepuluh gigi manusia yang dicabut akibat kelainan periodontal dan dilakukan penghalusan akar. Gigi dipotong pada daerah sepertiga servikal, dan 30 spesimen yang terbentuk dibagi dalam tiga kelompok. Hasil: Tidak ada perbedaan signifikan terhadap tingkat keberadaan smear layer antara kelompok minosiklin maupun EDTA (p=0,759). Terdapat perbedaan signifikan antara kelompok minosiklin dan EDTA dengan salin sebagai kontrol (p=0,00). Kesimpulan: Ada hubungan antara penggunaan root surface conditioning terhadap keberadaan smear layer.

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Background: Role of root surface conditioning of the existence of smear layer.

Objective: To analyze the smear layer on root surface conditioned with minocycline HCl 2,1% , EDTA gel 24%, after root planed.

Materials and methods: Ten human teeth removed due to chronic periodontitis were collected and root planed. The teeth were sectioned on 1/3 cervikal, 30 specimens were divided into three groups.

Results: No significant differences of smear layer between minocycline and EDTA (p=0,759). There was significant differences of minocycline and EDTA group compare to saline (p=0,00).

Conclusion: There was relationship of root surface conditioning treatment with smear layer."

"Microstructural identification of synthesized steel with significant local content has been carried out. Alloy ingot was prepared using a casting technique. The samples were then formed into bulk steel by a machining process. A high resolution powder neutron diffractometer (HRPD) was used as an equipment for characterization. By applying neutron diffraction techniques, a ferritic steel profile can be resulted in as well as ‘minor peaks’ belong to impurities formed in the sample. These impurities can be identified as small amounts of Al2O3 54SiO2, Al4C3, SiC and Cr23C6. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) combined with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) confirmed and revealed neutron identified phase distributions. Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards (JCPDS) least square curves calibration can precisely calculate the dhkl parameters of each reflection plane. As a comparison, another sample of alloy ingot was also investigated using neutron diffraction. The pattern was free from crystal impurities. Rietveld refinements provide satisfactory goodness of fits Rwp = 10.42% and reliability factor S = 1.7. This was so-called a ‘real bulky’ sample of a 73Fe24Cr2Si0.8Mn0.1Ni ferritic steel alloy."

"Kromosom merupakan substansi genetik pada makhluk hidup yang diwariskan ke generasi selanjutnya. Kromosom terbentuk melalui proses kondensasi selama siklus sel. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kondensasi kromosom adalah protein scaffold dan kation divalen, terutama ion kalsium (Ca2+). Peran ion kalsium terhadap kromosom masih terbatas pada kromosom manusia dan belum pernah dilaporkan pada kromosom tumbuhan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui peran ion kalsium terhadap struktur kromosom barley menggunakan mikroskop fluoresens dan scanning electron microscope. Kromosom barley diisolasi kemudian diberi perlakuan 1 mM BAPTA sebagai agen pengikat ion kalsium dan PBS sebagai kontrol. Terdapat perbedaan panjang dan struktur kromosom barley setelah diberikan perlakuan 1 mM BAPTA dibandingkan dengan kromosom kontrol. Kromosom kontrol memiliki panjang rata-rata 5,3 μm dengan struktur kromosom yang padat, sedangkan kromosom dengan perlakuan BAPTA memiliki panjang rata-rata 10,7 μm dengan struktur kromosom lebih renggang dan kurang padat. Hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa ion kalsium memiliki peranan penting dalam menjaga struktur kromosom barley.

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Chromosomes are genetic substances in living organisms that are passed on to the next generation. Chromosomes are formed through the process of condensation during the cell cycle. Factors that influence chromosome condensation are scaffold proteins and divalent cations, especially calcium ions (Ca2+). The role of calcium ions on chromosomes is still limited to human chromosomes and has never been reported on plant chromosomes. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of calcium ions on the structure of barley chromosomes using a fluorescence microscope and scanning electron microscope. The barley chromosome was isolated and then treated with 1 mM BAPTA as a calcium ion chelating agent and PBS as a control. According to the data obtained, there are differences in length and structure of barley chromosomes after being treated with 1 mM BAPTA compared to control chromosomes. The control chromosome has an average length of 5.3 μm with a compact chromosome structure and chromosomes with BAPTA treatment have an average length of 10.7 μm with a less condense chromosome structure. These results indicated that calcium ions have an important role on maintaining the structure of barley chromosomes."

"Latar Belakang: Preparasi saluran akar gigi menghasilkan smear layer saat bersentuhan dengan dinding saluran akar yang berpotensi menyebabkan kegagalan perawatan. Bentuk penampang file mempengaruhi pembentukan smear layer. Penelitian ini membandingkan kuantitas smear layer pada dinding saluran akar sepertiga apikal yang dipreparasi menggunakan file berpenampang melintang segitiga dan segi empat. Metode: 32 sampel gigi premolar rahang bawah dibagi ke dalam dua kelompok perlakuan yang dipreparasi dengan file berpenampang segitiga (One Curve®, n = 16) dan segi empat (Hyflex EDM®, n = 16). Setelah preparasi, saluran akar diirigasi menggunakan kombinasi larutan NaOCl 2,5% dan EDTA 17%. Smear layer pada dinding saluran akar sepertiga apikal diamati menggunakan scanning electron microscope (SEM) dan dikuantifikasi menurut sistem skoring Foschi. Hasil: Uji Mann- Whitney menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna secara statistik antara preparasi saluran akar menggunakan kedua instrumen dengan skor smear layer. Kelompok yang dipreparasi dengan file berpenampang segitiga menghasilkan skor smear layer lebih rendah dibanding kelompok yang dipreparasi dengan file berpenampang segi empat. Kesimpulan: Preparasi saluran akar menggunakan file berpenampang segitiga dan segi empat dengan irigasi kombinasi NaOCl 2,5% dan EDTA 17% tetap menghasilkan smear layer pada daerah sepertiga apikal, namun preparasi dengan file berpenampang segitiga menunjukkan kuantitas smear layer yang lebih sedikit dibandingkan file berpenampang segi empat.

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Background: Root canal preparation produces smear layer when in contact with its wall, which potentially causing treatment failures. Cross-section shape of file influences smear layer production. This experiment compares smear layer quantity at apical third of root canal walls prepared using files with triangular and rectangular cross-section.

Methods: Thirty-two premolar samples taken from mandibles were divided into two groups whose root canals were prepared using file with triangular (One Curve®, n = 16) and rectangular (Hyflex EDM®, n = 16) cross-section. After preparation, root canals were irrigated with combination of NaOCl 2,5% and EDTA 17% solutions. Smear layer in apical third of root canal walls were then observed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) dan quantified according to Foschi scoring system.

Results: Mann- Whitney test shows significant difference between root canal preparation using both instruments and produced smear layer score. Group prepared with triangular file produced lower smear layer score compared to those which prepared with rectangular file.

Conclusions: Root canal preparation using files with triangular and rectangular cross-section, followed by combined NaOCl 2,5% and EDTA 17% irrigation still produces smear layer in apical third area. However, preparation with triangular file shows less smear layer quantity compared to rectangular file."