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"Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) menjadi isu global akibat meningkatnya kegagalan pengobatan dan penyebaran Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-Ec) yang banyak ditemukan di lingkungan perairan seperti sungai. Sungai menjadi jalur utama bagi masuknya berbagai limbah, yang dapat membawa ESBL-Ec ke lingkungan. Untuk itu, analisis gen penanda spesifik diperlukan untuk mengidentifikasi sumber kontaminasi ESBL-Ec dan memahami jalur kontaminasi di perairan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis keberadaan gen penanda ESBL-Ec di air sungai serta jalur kontaminasinya menuju lingkungan dan potensi paparannya terhadap manusia. Studi dilakukan di dua lokasi, yakni Sungai Ciliwung (DKI Jakarta dan Jawa Barat) dan Sungai Brangbiji (Kabupaten Sumbawa, NTB), menggunakan pendekatan Microbial Source Tracking (MST) berbasis metode Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) terhadap empat kelompok gen penanda sumber pencemar, yaitu manusia (H8, H12), sapi (Co2, Co3), ayam (Ch7, Ch9, Ch12, Ch13), dan air limbah (W_nqrC, W_clsA_2). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa di Sungai Ciliwung, keberadaan gen penanda tertinggi adalah air limbah dan ayam, ditunjukkan oleh seluruh isolat (n = 80) yang terdeteksi pada kedua kelompok gen tersebut. Gen penanda manusia dan sapi juga menunjukkan deteksi tinggi, dengan 79 dari 80 isolat menunjukkan keberadaan kedua kelompok gen ini. Di Sungai Brangbiji, seluruh isolat (n = 6) terdeteksi terhadap keempat kelompok gen penanda. Jalur kontaminasi utama di kedua sungai umumnya berasal dari pembuangan limbah domestik dan peternakan yang tidak melalui pengolahan, serta kontribusi dari efluen IPAL. Limbah ini masuk ke badan sungai melalui drainase terbuka, aliran permukaan, atau aktivitas langsung di sekitar bantaran sungai. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa sanitasi yang buruk dan pengelolaan limbah yang tidak memadai dapat meningkatkan risiko paparan ESBL- Ec terhadap manusia, baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung melalui lingkungan. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, metode MST berbasis PCR terbukti dapat memberikan gambaran mengenai kemungkinan sumber kontaminasi di perairan serta memetakan jalur kontaminasi ESBL-Ec yang berkaitan dengan aktivitas manusia dan hewan di lingkungan sekitar.

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Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) has become a global concern due to the increasing incidence of treatment failure and the spread of Extended-Spectrum Beta- Lactamase Producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-Ec), which is commonly found in aquatic environments such as rivers. Rivers serve as major pathways for the entry of various waste streams into the environment, potentially carrying ESBL-Ec. Therefore, the analysis of specific marker genes is necessary to identify the sources of ESBL-Ec contamination and to understand its contamination pathways in aquatic systems. This study aims to analyze the presence of ESBL-Ec marker genes in river water, trace their contamination pathways into the environment, and assess the potential exposure risk to humans. The study was conducted in two locations, namely the Ciliwung River (Jakarta and West Java) and the Brangbiji River (Sumbawa Regency, West Nusa Tenggara), using a Microbial Source Tracking (MST) approach based on Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) targeting four groups of specific marker genes including human (H8, H12), cattle (Co2, Co3), chicken (Ch7, Ch9, Ch12, Ch13), and human wastewater (W_nqrC, W_clsA_2). The results showed that in the Ciliwung River, the highest prevalence of marker genes was observed for wastewater and chicken, with both gene groups detected in all isolates (n = 80). Human and cattle markers were also highly prevalent, found in 79 out of 80 isolates. In the Brangbiji River, marker genes from all four source categories were detected in all isolates (n = 6).The main contamination pathways in both rivers generally originated from unprocessed domestic and livestock waste discharges, along with contributions from wastewater treatment plant effluents. These wastes entered the river bodies through open drains, surface runoff, or direct activities near the riverbanks. These findings indicate that poor sanitation and inadequate waste management can elevate the risk of human exposure to ESBL-Ec, either directly or indirectly through environmental contact. Based on these results, the PCR-based MST approach demonstrates its capability to provide an overview of potential contamination sources in aquatic environments and to map the contamination pathways of ESBL-Ec linked to human and animal activities in the surrounding area."

"Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) merupakan ancaman besar terhadap kesehatan masyarakat dan isu global. Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-Ec) adalah salah satu AMR yang sering ditemukan di lingkungan perairan, khususnya air tanah. Air tanah yang tercemar berpotensi menyebabkan dampak kesehatan serius bagi manusia yang terpapar, mengingat air tanah merupakan salah satu sumber air bersih yang banyak digunakan. Pelacakan sumber pencemar perlu dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi pola distribusi dan sumber kontaminasi ESBL-Ec dalam air tanah secara lebih spesifik. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis keberadaan gen penanda ESBL-Ec di air tanah dan menganalisis jalur transmisinya dari berbagai sumber pencemar menuju air tanah serta paparannya terhadap manusia. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada isolat ESBL-Ec yang diambil dari air tanah di beberapa titik di DKI Jakarta dan sekitar TPA Cipayung yang menggunakan pendekatan Microbial Source Tracking (MST) dengan meotde Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). MST dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi berbagai gen penanda dari empat sumber pencemar, yaitu manusia (H8, H12), sapi (Co2, Co3), ayam (Ch7, Ch9, Ch12, Ch13), dan air limbah (W_nqrC, W_clsA_2). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa gen penanda air limbah paling dan ayam yang menunjukkan deteksi positif pada seluruh isolat yang diuji (n=44), diikuti gen penanda manusia yang terdeteksi 43 dari 44 isolat, dan gen penanda sapi terdeteksi positif pada 42 dari 44 isolat. Sumber kontaminasi utama ESBL-Ec di air tanah dipengaruhi oleh limbah domestik dari berbagai aktivitas manusia dan limbah peternakan yang langsung dibuang ke badan air tanpa dilakukan pengolahan yang tepat. Limbah ini dapat mencemari air tanah melalui infiltrasi dari air permukaan hingga ke sistem akuifer.

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Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) is a major threat to public health and a global issue. Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-Ec) is one type of AMR frequently found in aquatic environments, particularly in groundwater. Contaminated groundwater poses a serious health risk to humans, as it is widely used as a source of clean water. Source tracking is necessary to identify the distribution patterns and specific origins of ESBL-Ec contamination in groundwater. The aim of this study is to analyze the presence of ESBL-Ec marker genes in groundwater and to investigate the transmission pathways from various pollution sources to groundwater, as well as the potential exposure to humans. This research was conducted using ESBL-Ec isolates collected from groundwater at several locations in DKI Jakarta and the vicinity of the Cipayung landfill, employing a Microbial Source Tracking (MST) approach using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method. MST was used to identify specific marker genes from four pollution sources: human (H8, H12), cattle (Co2, Co3), chicken (Ch7, Ch9, Ch12, Ch13), and wastewater (W_nqrC, W_clsA_2). The results show that the wastewater and chicken marker genes were detected in all isolates tested (n = 44), followed by the human marker genes detected in 43 out of 44 isolates, and the cattle marker genes detected in 42 out of 44 isolates. The main sources of ESBL-Ec contamination in groundwater are influenced by domestic waste from various human activities and livestock waste that is discharged directly into water bodies without proper treatment. These pollutants can contaminate groundwater through infiltration from surface water into the aquifer system."

"Kontaminasi bakteri Escherichia coli (E. coli) di perairan pantai menimbulkan risiko kesehatan bagi masyarakat yang melakukan aktivitas rekreasi. Untuk mengidentifikasi sumber kontaminasi secara lebih akurat, diperlukan analisis terhadap keberadaan gen penanda yang spesifik terhadap sumber fekal tertentu. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis keberadaan gen penanda E. coli di air rekreasi Pantai Ancol menggunakan pendekatan Microbial Source Tracking (MST) dengan metode Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), serta menelusuri jalur transmisi kontaminasi dari berbagai sumber ke air rekreasi dan potensi paparannya terhadap manusia. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan secara temporal pada beberapa titik di kawasan pantai untuk mengevaluasi variasi distribusi sumber pencemar antara hari kerja dan akhir pekan. Deteksi gen penanda fekal spesifik untuk manusia (H8 dan H12), ayam (Ch7, Ch9, Ch12, dan Ch13), sapi (Co2 dan Co3), dan air limbah (W_nqrC dan W_clsA) dilakukan terhadap total 30 isolat. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa seluruh gen penanda terdeteksi pada 100% isolat, baik pada hari kerja maupun akhir pekan, serta di seluruh titik pengambilan sampel. Hal ini mengindikasikan bahwa kontaminasi fekal dari berbagai sumber, yaitu aktivitas domestik, manusia, peternakan, dan pengolahan pangan berbasis unggas dan sapi terdistribusi secara merata dan konsisten di wilayah pantai. Kondisi ini menunjukkan bahwa kontaminasi bersifat kontinu dan tidak bergantung pada waktu, didorong oleh aliran limbah domestik yang terus-menerus, limpasan dari Sungai Ciliwung, serta aktivitas lokal di kawasan wisata. Penyebaran kontaminan diperluas oleh dinamika arus laut yang membawa limbah dari muara ke area rekreasi. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa pendekatan MST dengan metode PCR terbukti dapat mengidentifikasi sumber kontaminasi fekal di perairan pantai, serta pentingnya pemahaman terhadap jalur transmisi pencemaran sebagai dasar perencanaan pengelolaan limbah untuk menjaga kesehatan masyarakat dan kualitas lingkungan pesisir.

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Fecal contamination by Escherichia coli (E. coli) in coastal waters poses a health risk to the public engaging in recreational activities. Accurate detection of specific genetic markers is essential to effectively identify the sources of contamination. This study aims to analyze the presence of E. coli marker genes in the recreational waters of Ancol Beach using a Microbial Source Tracking with the Polymerase Chain Reaction method and to analyze the transmission pathways of contamination from various sources to recreational waters and human exposure. Samples were collected temporally at multiple points along the coastline to assess differences in pollutant distribution between weekdays and weekends. Fecal marker genes specific to humans (H8 and H12), chickens (Ch7, Ch9, Ch12, and Ch13), cattle (Co2 and Co3), and wastewater (W_nqrC and W_clsA) were tested in a total of 30 isolates. The results showed that all marker genes were detected in 100% of the isolates, regardless of sampling time or location. This indicates that fecal contamination from various sources including domestic waste, human activity, livestock, and food processing was evenly and consistently distributed across the beach area. These findings suggest that contamination is continuous and not influenced by time, largely driven by uninterrupted domestic wastewater discharge, runoff from the Ciliwung River, and local activities within the tourism area. The spread of contaminants is further facilitated by coastal currents that transport pollutants from the river mouth to recreational zones. This study concludes that the MST approach using PCR is effective in identifying fecal contamination sources in coastal waters and underscores the importance of understanding transmission pathways as a basis for improving wastewater management and protecting both public health and coastal environmental quality."