Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"Latar Belakang. Preeklamsia merupakan salah satu komplikasi kehamilan yang menyebabkan angka kematian ibu di Indonesia. Kehamilan dengan preeklamsia diduga berhubungan dengan kejadian stress oksidatif yang hingga kini etiologinya masih merupakan perdebatan. Pendekatan secara metabolomik dengan pemeriksaan asam amino serum maternal diharapkan nantinya dapat memberikan penjelasan mengenai etiologi dari preeklamsia.Tujuan. Mendapatkan perbandingan antara kadar asam amino pada pasien preeklamsia dibandingkan kehamilan normal.Metode. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif analitik, menggunakan 30 serum maternal wanita dengan kehamilan normal dan 34 preeklamsia berat yang kemudian dilakukan pemeriksaan dengan  instrumen LCMS/MS. Hasil penelitian kemudian dilakukan analisis dengan SPSS ver 20.0. Dilakukan pemeriksaan 19 variabel asam amino esensial maupun non-esensial. Kadar fenilalanin lebih tinggi pada pasien preeklamsia, dan metionin lebih rendah pada pasien preeklamsia. Sedangkan pada asam amino non-esensial serin, glisin, dan glutamat ditemukan lebih tinggi pada pasein preeklamsia.Kesimpulan. Fenilalanin, serin, glisin, dan glutamat meningkat pada pasien preeklamsia, sedangkan metionin lebih rendah dibandingkan pasien kehamilan normal. Keseluruhan gangguan kadar asam amino yang meningkat pada pasien preeklamsia dapat merupakan sebuah dugaan bahwa hal tersebut terkait dengan adanya stress oksidatif yang terjadi pada pasien preeklamsia. Data dasar tersebut dapat dipikirkan untuk menjadi basis untuk penelitian selanjutnya

---

Background: Preeclampsia has been one of the leading cause of death in Indonesia. It is postulated that its relationship with oxidative stress may be the grounds of the disease.  Metabolomics approach to check the levels of amino acid are hope to give initial explanation related to preeclampsia.

Aim: LCMS/MS instrument was used in maternal serum of 30 cases of normal pregnancy and 34 cases of preeclampsia, these cases were then analyzed statistically

Results: We identified 19 different levels of aminoacids in this study. Four amino acids that were elevated in this study were phenylalanine, serine, glycine, and glutamate. Methionine were lower in preeclamsia

Conclusion: Phenylalanine, serine, glycine, and glutamate were elevated in preeclampsia, and methionine were lower in prreeclampsia. Abnormalities on amino acid levels were thought to be an evidence of oxidative stress that were related with preeclampsia"

"Kemoterapi digunakan untuk terapi kanker kolorektal memiliki efek samping yang merugikan pasien. Obat herbal digunakan sebagai terapi komplementer karena memiliki nilai terapeutik dan toksisitas yang rendah, seperti kurkumin yang diekstrak dari umbi tanaman Curcuma longa L. Kurkumin memiliki mekanisme kerja yang terintegritas ke beberapa target sehingga digunakan analisis metabolomik untuk mempelajari mekanisme dan memantau respons pengobatan. Metabolomik sebagai metode analisis pengembangan obat dapat memberikan informasi fenotipik tentang sistem biologis melalui pemeriksaan perubahan metabolisme pada metabolomik tidak tertarget. Analisis PCA spektrum absorbansi FTIR menunjukkan kemiripan profil metabolit pada daerah panjang gelombang NC=O medium kultur sel HT-29 antara perlakuan dengan kurkumin dan perlakuan dengan cisplatin. Lima metabolome hasil anotasi data pengolahan MSDIAL yaitu 1-Bromo-2-Chloroetana, 2-Cyanoacetamida, Dimetilamina, Asam 2-Nitrobenzoat , dan Butana. Metabolome 2-Cyanoacetamida sebagai penanda respon sel HT-29 terhadap perlakuan dengan kurkumin berdasarkan uji t -test nilai p < 0,05. Akurasi pemisahan data PCA kultur sel HT-29 antara perlakuan kurkumin dan kontrol dengan Support vector machine nilai AUC > 0,92 dan CA > 0,80 untuk semua spektrum serapan (O-H, C-H dan N-C=O). Confusion matrix kelima metabolit anotasi MSDIAL bisa dibedakan pada kultur sel HT-29 perlakuan dengan kurkumin, tetapi kelima metabolit ini tidak bisa membedakan antara cisplatin, doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil, dan kontrol sel.

---

Chemotherapy used for colorectal cancer therapy has adverse effects in patients. Herbal medicine is used as a complementary therapy because it has a low therapeutic toxicity, as in curcumin. Curcumin has an integrity mechanism of action to several targets so metabolomics analysis is used to study the mechanisms and monitor treatment responses. Metabolomic as a method can provide phenotypic information about biological systems through the examination of metabolic changes in untargeted metabolomics. PCA of the FTIR absorbance spectrum showed similarities in metabolite profiles N-C=O wavelength region of the HT-29 cell culture medium between treatment with curcumin and treatment with cisplatin. The five metabolomes of the MSDIAL data annotations are 1-Bromo-2-Chloroethane, 2-Cyanoacetamide, Dimethylamine a, 2-Nitrobenzo acid, and Butane. Metabolome 2-Cyanoacetamide as a marker of HT-29 cell response with curcumin based on a ttest p-value< 0.05. Accuracy of PCA data separation of HT-29 cell cultures between treatment with curcumin and control with Support vector machine AUC values > 0.92 and CA > 0.80 for all absorption spectrums (O-H, C-H and N-C=O). Confussion matrix of MSDIAL five annotated metabolites could be distinguished in HT-29 cell cultures treated with curcumin, but these five metabolites could not distinguish between cisplatin, doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil, and kontrol cells."

"Latar Belakang: Resistensi insulin pada jaringan otot skelet, hepar, dan adiposit merupakan penyebab utama terjadinya DM tipe 2 serta berbagai penyakit metabolik lain. Resistensi insulin masih sulit diatasi menggunakan obat yang tersedia, sehingga pencarian obat sensitisasi insulin, terutama pada jaringan otot skelet menjadi urgensi dalam riset obat antidiabetes. Salah satu tanaman obat yang berpotensi dikembangkan sebagai obat sensitisasi insulin adalah brotowali.Tujuan: Mengidentifikasi target terapi utama dari brotowali sebagai agen sensitisasi insulin melalui pendekatan in silico, menguji aktivitasnya secara in vitro pada kultur sel otot skelet L6.C11, dan mengidentifikasi senyawa aktifnya menggunakan metode LC-MS/MS metabolomik.Metode: Pencarian target terapi utama resistensi insulin yang ditarget oleh brotowali dilakukan melalui analisis jejaring farmakologi yang diikuti dengan simulasi penambatan molekuler dan dinamika molekuler. Kultur sel otot skelet L6.C11 digunakan sebagai model sel resisten insulin pasca-induksi tinggi glukosa dan tinggi insulin. Hasil fraksinasi terhadap ekstrak metanol brotowali (n=33) diuji aktivitasnya terhadap peningkatan kadar glikogen dan inhibisi fosforilasi serin-312 pada IRS1(metode enzime-linked immunosorbent assay), serta peningkatan GLUT4 tertranslokasi (metode konfokal-imunositokimia). Metode LC-MS/MS metabolomik digunakan untuk menganalisis metabolit dari fraksi-fraksi uji. Analisis statistik komparatif melalui uji ANOVA satu arah dan analisi multivariat melalui PCA dan OPLS untuk mengidentifikasi senyawa penanda bioaktif.Hasil: Analisis jejaring farmakologi memprediksi adanya tiga jalur terapi dari resistensi insulin yang ditarget oleh senyawa kandungan brotowali (jalur persinyalan PI3K, TNF, dan MAPK). Fosforilasi serin-312 pada IRS1 ditentukan menjadi target terapi dalam pengujian in vitro didasarkan pada perannya yang besar pada patogenensis resistensi insulin (degree: 12). Hasil uji in vitro mengidentifikasi fraksi 3 sebagai fraksi dengan aktivitas tertinggi dari seluruh fraksi uji (2,55+0,12 ?g/mL; 45,68+3,20%; 64,07+1,78 AU) dalam aktivitas peningkatan glikogen, inhibisi pIRS1 ser-312, dan peningkatan translokasi GLUT4. LC-MS/MS metabolomik mampu mengidentifikasi senyawa penanda bioaktif batang brotowali berupa tinoskorsida D, higenamin, dan tinoskorsida A.Kesimpulan: Analisis komputasi jejaring farmakologi mampu memprediksi dengan baik target terapi dan senyawa aktif brotowali. Secara in vitro, senyawa kandungan batang brotowali mampu meningkatkan sensitisasi insulin dengan senyawa penanda bioaktif berupa tinoskorsida D, higenamin, dan tinoskorsida A.

---

Background: Insulin resistance in skeletal muscle tissue, liver and adipocytes is the main cause of type 2 DM and various other metabolic diseases. Insulin resistance is still difficult to overcome using available drugs, so the search for insulin sensitizing drugs, especially in skeletal muscle tissue, is an urgency in antidiabetic drug research. One of the medicinal plants that has the potential to be developed as an insulin sensitizing drug is brotowali.

Objectives: To identify potential therapeutic targets of brotowali as an insulin sensitizing agent through an in silico approach, to test its in vitro activity in L6.C11 skeletal muscle cell culture, and to identify its active compounds using the LC-MS/MS method.

Methods: The search for the potential therapeutic target of insulin resistance targeted by brotowali was carried out through network pharmacology analysis followed by molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations.

The fractionation of brotowali methanol extract (n=33) were tested for their activity on increasing glycogen levels and inhibition of serine-312 phosphorylation on IRS1 (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method), as well as increasing translocated GLUT4 (confocal-immunocytochemical method). The LC-MS/MS metabolomics method was used to analyze the metabolites of the tested fractions. Comparative statistical analysis through one way ANOVA test and multivariate analysis through PCA and OPLS to identify bioactive marker compounds.

Results: Network pharmacology analysis predicted three therapeutic pathways of insulin resistance targeted by brotowali’s compounds (PI3K, TNF, and MAPK signaling pathways) with the PI3K pathway as the main pathway. Sequentially the signaling pathway regulate the glucose homeostasis, anti-inflammation, and cell proliferation. Phosphorylation of serine-312 in IRS1 was determined to be a therapeutic target in in vitro testing based on its major role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance (degree: 12). In vitro tests identified fraction 3 as the fraction with the highest activity of all tested fractions (2.55+0.12 µg/mL; 45.68+3.20%; 64.07+1.78 AU) in glycogen increasing activity , inhibition of pIRS1 ser-312, and increased GLUT4 translocation sequentially. The bioactive marker compounds of brotowali stems were identified as tinoscorside D, higenamin, and tinoscorside A.

Conclusion: Network pharmacology computation was successfully predict the therapeutic targets and active compounds of brotowali. At in vitro test, compounds contained in brotowali stems can increase insulin sensitization with bioactive markers were tinoscorsida D, higenamin, and tinoscorsida A."

"Keterbatasan glomerulus filtration rate (eGFR) dan urine albumin creatinine ratio (uACR) sebagai acuan menyebabkan keterlambatan diagnosis dan prognosis penyakit ginjal diabetes. Perkembangan diabetes mengarah pada kerusakan ginjal dicerminkan oleh penanda (biomarker) yang ditemukan dalam spesimen biologis. Penelitian ini bertujuan mencari metabolit potensial sebagai biomarker pada populasi Indonesia dengan membandingkan metabolit dalam urin pasien diabetes dengan risiko ginjal rendah (n=16) dan tinggi (n=16) menurut klasifikasi KDIGO2022. Analisis metabolomik dilakukan menggunakan liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry quadrupole time-of-flight (LC/MS-QTOF) dengan analisis statistik data menggunakan software Metaboanalyst5,0. Metabolit diidentifikasi menggunakan database Human Metabolome Database (HMDB), Metlin, dan Pubchem. Diskriminasi antar 2 kelompok divisualisasikan dengan Principal Component Analysis (PCA) dan Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA). Signifikansi metabolit antar 2 kelompok ditentukan dengan T-test (p<0,05), variable importance for projection (VIP>1), dan fold change (log2(FC)>1,2). Metabolit yang dipilih hanya metabolit endogen yang diketahui jalur metabolismenya. Dari berbagai parameter tersebut, metabolit yang potensial sebagai biomarker harus memenuhi nilai area under curve (AUC)>0,65. Berdasarkan karakteristik dasar dan klinis, tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna karakteristik dasar (usia, jenis kelamin, indeks massa tubuh, durasi menderita DMT2, frekuensi olahraga, kebiasaan merokok, penyakit lain, kepatuhan minum obat, regimen terapi metformin-glimepirid) dan pemeriksaan klinis (HbA1c, tekanan darah sistol, dan diastol) antara kedua kelompok (p>0,05). Ditemukan 23 metabolit yang memenuhi parameter VIP, p-value, dan fold change. Disimpulkan, tiga metabolit teratas dengan AUC>0,65 merupakan biomarker potensial yang membedakan kedua kelompok, yaitu indoksil glukuronida, N-asetilserotonin glukuronida, dan gliserofosfokolin. Indoksil glukuronida dan N-asetilserotonin glukuronida terlibat dalam metabolisme triptofan dan glukuronat, sedangkan gliserofosfokolin terlibat dalam jalur metabolisme gliserofosfolipid dan eter lipid.

---

The limited utility of glomerulus filtration rate (eGFR) dan urine albumin creatinine ratio (uACR) as the gold standard lead to late diagnosing and prognosing of diabetic kidney disease. Diabetes progression contributes to kidney damage and is reflected by biomarkers in patients' biological samples. This study aims to identify potential endogenous metabolite biomarkers for improved diagnosis and prognosis by comparing metabolites in the urine of diabetic patients with low (n=16) and high (n=16) kidney disease risk in the Indonesian population according to the KDIGO2022 classification. Metabolomic analysis was conducted using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry quadrupole time-of-flight (LC/MS-QTOF) with Metaboanalyst5.0 software. Metabolites were identified using the Human Metabolome Database, Metlin, and PubChem. Discrimination between the two groups was visualized using principal component analysis (PCA) and Partial Least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Based on patients' characteristics, no significant differences were observed in baseline characteristics (age, gender, body mass index, duration of type 2 diabetes mellitus, exercise frequency, smoking habits, comorbidities, medication adherence, metformin-glimepiride therapy regimen) and clinical characteristics (HbA1c, systolic and diastolic blood pressure) between two groups (p>0.05). According to the findings of the T-test (p<0.05), fold change (log2(FC)>1.2), and variables important for the projection (VIP>1), there were 23 metabolites substantially different between the two groups. In conclusion, the top 3 metabolites with the area under curve (AUC) value>0.65 demonstrated potential biomarker differentiating among two groups; these are indoxyl glucuronide, N-acetylserotonin glucuronide, and glycerophosphocholine. Indoxyl glucuronide and N-acetylserotonin glucuronide involved in tryptophan metabolism and glucuronate interconversion. Glycerophsophocholine involved in glycerophospholipid and ether lipid metabolism."

"Research through a metabolomics approach is carried out withoutisolating a single active compound responsible for an activity. Empirically the root, stem, and leaf preparations of Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz have long been used in traditional medicine such as the treatment of diabetes, eczema, pulmonary tuberculosis, herpes, hepatitis, and hypertension. This dissertation aims to evaluate compounds that have antioxidant and antidiabetic activity through inhibition of alpha-glucosidase activity of plant R. Nasutus metabolomics and molecular tethering based liquid chromatography very high performance mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (KCKST SM/SM). The stages of research carried out include: (1) Extraction of leaves, flowers, and bark using 70% ethanol with ultrasonic wave-assisted extraction method. (2) Fractionation of selected extracts using centrifugation partition chromatography (PPP). (3) Testing of antidiabetic activity through the mechanism of alpha-glucosidase inhibition of selected extracts and their PPP fractions in vitro. (4) Testing of antioxidant activity by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) method; ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP); cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) in vitro against extracts and PPP fractions whose alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity is very active and/or active. (5) Determination of metabolite profiles using KCKST SM/SM Q-Orbitrap on PPP fractions whose alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity is very active and/or active. (6) Chemometric analysis with multivariate data analysis using SIMCA software against metabolite area area data and bioactivity data. (7) Verification of compounds that contribute significantly as inhibitors of alpha-glucosidase activity resulting from metabolomics by molecular tethering. This study obtained 10 active compounds in the inhibition of alpha-glucosidase in the KPS fraction of R. nasutus, namely compounds (5) bis(2-ethylhexyl) amines, (6) choline, (7) leu gly, (8) N-methyltanolamine phosphate, (11) N-methyldioctylamine, (14) dodesiltrimethethlammonium, (15) austalida J, (17) DL-β-leucine, (22) cemilicoisoflavone B, and (26) licoflavone B. In addition, 6 compounds (compounds 5, 8, 11, 14, 15, and 22) contributed significantly as alpha-glucosidase inhibitors as well as very strong antioxidants with the FRAP method and 3 compounds (compounds 5, 11, and 15) with the CRAPC method.

---

In the metabolomics approach, research is done without isolating any active compounds that cause activity. Empirically, preparations of the roots, stems, and leaves of Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz have long been used in traditional medicine for such purposes as the treatment of diabetes, eczema, pulmonary tuberculosis, herpes, hepatitis, and hypertension. This dissertation aims to evaluate compounds with antioxidant and anti-diabetic activity by inhibiting the alpha-glucosidase activity of the plant R. nasutus using a metabolomics approach and molecular docking based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (UHPL MS/MS). The stages of the research included: (1) extraction of leaves, flowers, and stem bark using 70% ethanol using an ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method. (2) Fractionation of selected extracts using centrifugation partition chromatography (CPC). (3) In vitro testing of antidiabetic activity through the mechanism of alpha-glucosidase inhibition of selected extracts and their CPC fractions. (4) Testing the antioxidant activity with the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) in vitro against extracts and CPC fractions with highly active, active, or slightly active alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity. (5) Determination of metabolite profiles using KCKST SM/SM Q-Orbitrap on CPC fractions with highly active or slightly active alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity. (6) Chemometric analysis in the form of multivariate data analysis using SIMCA software on metabolite area data and bioactivity data. (7) Verification of compounds that contribute significantly as inhibitors of alpha-glucosidase activity in metabolomics by molecular docking.This study obtained 10 active compounds in alpha-glucosidase inhibition in the R. nasutus CPC fraction, namely compounds (5) bis(2-ethylhexyl) amine, (6) choline, (7) leugly, (8) N-methylethanolamine phosphate, (11) N-methyldioctylamine, (14) dodecyltrimethylammonium, (15) austalide J, (17) DL-β-Leucine, (22) semilicoisoflavone B, and (26) licoflavone B. In addition, it was also found that six compounds (compounds 5, 8, 11, 14, 15, and 22) significantly contributed as alpha-glucosidase inhibitors as well as very strong antioxidants with the FRAP method and three compounds (compounds 5, 11, and 15) with the CUPRAC method."

"Kota Muntok, Kabupaten Bangka Barat merupakan salah satu pusat pertambangan timah di Provinsi Bangka Belitung. Timbal (Pb) adalah salah satu logam berat yang terkandung dalam limbah pertambangan dan ditemukan sebagai logam berat yang paling dominan, dengan jumlah yang terus meningkat dan melebihi ambang batas di beberapa perairan Bangka Belitung. Mikroalga yang hidup pada lokasi pertambangan harus dapat beradaptasi dengan konsentrasi timbal yang tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur efektivitas remediasi dan menganalisis profil metabolit isolat mikroalga yang diisolasi dari sekitar wilayah pertambangan timah Kota Muntok akibat berbagai konsentrasi timbal. Sampel dikumpulkan dari perairan tawar di sekitar wilayah pertambangan timah Kota Muntok. Isolat diisolasi dan dikultur menggunakan Bold Basal Medium (BBM). Konsentrasi pengujian timbal yaitu, 0, 10, 100, dan 200 ppm. Pengujian efektivitas remediasi timbal dihitung berdasarkan perbedaan konsentrasi timbal awal dan akhir pada medium uji menggunakan Inductively Coupled Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Metabolit diidentifikasi menggunakan Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC- MS). Data metabolit dianalisis menggunakan analisis multivariat. Hasil penelitian efektivitas remediasi timbal menunjukkan isolat mikroalga mampu menyerap timbal mencapai 83%. Analisis profil metabolomik menunjukkan pemberian timbal berpengaruh terhadap komposisi seskuiterpenoid, lipid, dan karbohidrat.

---

Muntok Subdistrict, West Bangka Regency, is one of tin mining center in Bangka Belitung Province. Lead was discovered to be the most common heavy metal in the water around tin mining sites, with concentrations increasing year after year and eventually exceeding the threshold. Microalgae found in tin mining sites should be able to adapt to high concentrations of lead. The objectives of this research were to measure remediation effectivity and analyses the metabolite profile of microalgae isolated from tin mining sites in Muntok Subdistrict due to various lead concentrations. Samples were collected from freshwater around tin mining sites in Muntok Subdistrict. The isolate was isolated and cultured using Bold Basal Medium (BBM). Lead test concentrations were 0, 10, 100, and 200 ppm. The remediation effectivity was measured by the difference in lead concentrations between the initial and final in growth medium counted using Inductively Coupled Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The metabolites were identified using Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS). The metabolites data were analyzed using multivariate analysis. The result showed microalgae isolate can remove 83% of lead, and the metabolomic profile revealed that different lead concentrations affected the composition of sesquiterpenoid, lipid, and carbohydrate content."

"Penelitian kali ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa kandungan metabolomik dan kandungan mineral besi (Fe) dan seng (Zn) pada beras pecah kulit dan biofortifikasi. Metode yang digunakan dalam uji kandungan Fe dan Zn adalah menggunakan Spektofometri Serapan Atom (SSA) dan LC-MS (Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry digunakan untuk mengetahui senyawa metabolomik. Hasil uji Fe dan Zn ekstrak beras pecah kulit lokal (Mentik Susu & Pandan Wangi) dan beras sosoh biofortifikasi (Ciherang & Ir Nutri Zink) adalah kandungan Fe dan Zn pada beras lokal pecah kulit lebih tinggi dibandingkan beras sosoh biofortifikasi. Kandungan  Fe dan Zn tertinggi dimiliki oleh beras lokal pecah kulit Pandan Wangi, Fe (88,20 ppm) dan Zn (35,70 ppm) dan yang terendah adalah beras sosoh biofortifikasi Ir Nutri Zink, Fe (57,47 ppm) dan Zn (19,90 ppm). Kandungan senyawa metabolomik pada analisis model klasifikasi model PCA didapatkan keempat sampel tidak dapat berkelompok dengan baik dengan jumlah R2X= 0,89; Q2=0,2. Pada analisis PLS-DA didapatkan model prediksi SIMCA yang sesuai dengan nilai nilai R2Y=1 dan Q2= 0,89. Pada analisis metabolomik beras lokal pecah kulit (Mentik Susu & Pandan Wangi) dan beras sosoh biofortifikasi (Ciherang & Ir Nutri Zink) terdapat empat senyawa fingerprint yaitu, Oryzamutaic acid B, Oryzamutaic acid J, 4,5,6-Trihydroxy-3-methoxy-5-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1- one dan 3,4,5-Trihydroxy-5-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one. Ekstrak metanol beras lokal pecah kulit Mentik Susu dan Pandan Wangi memiliki mutu yang lebih bagus dengan luasan peak yang lebih tinggi pada beberapa senyawa yang sama namun jumlah senyawa yang dimiliki lebih sedikit

---

This research aims to analyze the metabolomic content and mineral content of iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) in brown rice and biofortified ice. The methods used to test Fe and Zn content are Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (SSA) and LC-MS (Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry) to determine metabolomic compounds. Fe and Zn test results of local broken rice extracts (Mentik Susu & Pandan Wangi) and biofortified steamed rice (Ciherang & Ir Nutri Zink) where the Fe and Zn content in local broken-hull rice is higher than in biofortified steamed rice. The highest Fe and Zn content is found in local broken-hulled rice Pandan Wangi, Fe (88.20 ppm) and Zn (35.70 ppm) and the lowest was Ir Nutri Zink biofortified rice, Fe (57.47 ppm) and Zn (19.90 ppm). The content of metabolomic compounds in the PCA classification model analysis showed that the four samples could not be grouped. good with the amount of R2 Pandan Wangi) and biofortified rice (Ciherang & Ir Nutri Zink) contain four fingerprint compounds, namely, Oryzamutaic acid B, Oryzamutaic acid J, 4,5,6-Trihydroxy-3-methoxy-5-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1- one and 3,4,5-Trihydroxy-5-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one. The methanol extract of brown rice rice, Mentik Susu and Pandan Wangi, has better quality with a higher peak area for some of the same compounds but the number of compounds contained is smaller."

"Salah satu spesies Nudibranchia yang memakan spons dan tersebar luas di Perairan Indo-Pasifik adalah Jorunna funebris. Spesies ini memiliki kemampuan mengakumulasikan metabolit sekunder dari genera spons makanannya yang beragam, sehingga metabolit sekunder yang terakumulasi di tubuhnya juga bervariasi. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis dan membandingkan profil metabolit sekunder J. funebris di Pulau Rambut, Kepulauan Seribu, DKI Jakarta berdasarkan perbedaan lokasi pengambilan sampel. Sampel diambil di dua stasiun utama yaitu utara dan timur laut Pulau Rambut dengan masing-masing 5 individu di tiap stasiun, lalu dimaserasi dengan metanol. Profil metabolit dianalisis berdasarkan kromatogram High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) dengan jenis kolom reversed phase-chromatography. Analisis dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode Principal Component Analysis (PCA) dan Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA). Hasil analisis PCA menyeleksi banyak peak menjadi 8 common peak yang muncul di setiap kromatogram. HCA mengelompokkan sampel menjadi 1 kluster utama dan 1 outgroup berdasarkan nilai luas peak pada 8 common peak. Kromatogram dan hasil pengelompokan menunjukkan bahwa J. funebris di Pulau Rambut tidak memiliki perbedaan yang signifikan pada senyawa yang terkandung selain konsentrasinya yang bervariasi. Hal ini dapat disebabkan oleh kondisi perairan Pulau Rambut yang tercemar dan keanekaragaman spesies spons yang rendah.

---

One species of Nudibranchia that eats sponges and is widespread in the Indo-Pacific oceans is Jorunna funebris. This species can accumulate secondary metabolites from its diverse genera of sponges so that the secondary metabolites accumulated in its body also vary. This study was aimed to analyze and compare the targeted secondary metabolites profile of J. funebris in Rambut Island, Kepulauan Seribu, DKI Jakarta based on differences in sampling stations. Samples were taken at two stations, namely north and northeast of Rambut Island with 5 individuals in each station, then macerated with methanol. Metabolite profiles were analyzed based on High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) chromatogram with reversed phase-chromatography column type. The analysis was performed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) methods. The results of the PCA select many peaks into 8 common peaks that appear in each chromatogram. HCA groups the samples into 1 main cluster and 1 outgroup based on the peak area values at 8 common peaks. Metabolite profiles and groupings showed that J. funebris in Rambut Island did not have a significant difference in the compounds contained, despite varying concentrations. This can be caused by the condition of water in Rambut Island so it may affect the species diversity of sponges."