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"ABSTRAKSkripsi ini membahas mengenai penerapan doktrin failing firm defense (FFD) sebagai pembelaan bagi merger antara perusahaan yang saling bersaing dimana secara prima facie merger tersebut bersifat anti-kompetisi. Penerapan doktrin FFD ini berlaku untuk memberikan perlawanan pada argumentasi awal yang diberikan oleh otoritas persaingan usaha untuk menghalangi suatu merger. Dalam skripsi ini Penulis akan memaparkan konsepsi dasar dari doktrin FFD serta sejarah penerapannya di Amerika dan Uni Eropa. Selain itu skripsi ini juga bertujuan untuk memaparkan beberapa kriteria uji (substantive test) FFD yang digunakan oleh otoritas persaingan usaha di Amerika dan Uni Eropa dalam menentukan kelayakan pembelaan bagi suatu merger yang bersifat anti-kompetisi dengan metode case study. Pemahaman mengenai kriteria pengujian doktrin FFD ini penting untuk mencegah terjadinya penyelewengan dalam penggunaan doktrin FFD oleh pelaku usaha serta memberikan kejelasan bagi pelaku usaha sebelum merencanakan sebuah merger.

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ABSTRACTThis study elaborates the application of failing firm defense (FFD) doctrine as a defense used to justify an otherwise anti-competitive merger involving failing firm/s. In particular, this doctrine applies in order to rebuff the prima facie argument forwarded by competition authority to block a merger. In this study, Writer explains the basic conception of FFD as well as the history of its implementation in the United States and European Union. Apart from that, this study is intended to provide comprehensive elaboration on the assessment of each element in FFD doctrine employed by competition authorities in the United States and European Union by way of case study. Thorough understanding on the legal tests in assessing the defense using FFD doctrine is imperative to avoid abuse of its application and to provide companies with adequate information to carefully plan their merger. "

"ABSTRAKThis article aimed at expressing ideas on a legal construction of competition merger review (CMR) on Cross-border Mergers and Acquisitions (CBM&A) that have Indonesian legal dimension. The problem has been triggered by the lack of CMR guidelines for CBM&A to nurture a fair and sustainable business competition (FSBC). Consequently, the existing guideline is inadequate for reviewing CBM&A proposals which have a multi-jurisdiction dimension character. As a result, merging (gigantic) companies doing business in Indonesia have enormous opportunities to engage in anti-competitive behavior in the domestic market. In its turn, it brings the impact of reducing competition itself whereby national companies become easily marginalized and find themselves in a vulnerable situation. To seek solutions to this problem, this research has been conducted through a normative approach, starting from the formulation of the problem up to an in-depth analysis and drawing conclusions. In order to achieve the said purpose, a literature study was conducted to explore and collect related law information on CBM&A, including CMR methods, namely: Market Dominance Test, Substantial Lessening of Competition/SLC Test, Public Interest Test, and four hybrid Tests: i) Hybrid Test One=SIEC Test; ii) Hybrid Test Two; iii) Hybrid Test Three; and Hybrid Test Four). Out of these seven methods of CMR, I consider to choose the SLC Test as the method for reviewing CBM&A proposal. At the end, this study concludes as follows: 1) there is an urgent need for CMR in the methods of SLC Test for cross-border merger and acquisition proposals in order to fill the absence of a merger review guideline that contains a multi-jurisdiction dimension and to nurture a fair and sustainable business competition in Indonesia; 2) the substantive norms for constructing CMR in the methods of SLC Test for CBM&A transactions in Indonesia should take into account the national law regime: company law, merger law, investment law including the existing public interest. In addition to that, the principles of certainty, efficiency, transparency, and proportionality should also be considered. Thus, I recommend to enact a SLC Test Guideline in order to strengthen the legal review of CBM&A proposals for supporting FSBC, to maintain dynamic, secure, and stable national economy and development."