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Abstrak :
Kandidiasis mulut adalah infeksi jamur yang paling sering ditemukan. Ini adalah infeksi jamur oportunistik pada rongga mulut yang disebakan oleh pertumbuhan jamur genus Candida, Candida albicans (C. albicans) adalah spesies yang paling banyak ditemukan. Manifestasi klinisnya dapat tergolong ringan dan berat bila menyerang individu dengan sistem kekebalan tubuh yang inadekuat. Obat antifungal yang ada memiliki peranan penting dalam menanggulangi penyakit ini. Sering terjadi resistensi dan masih tinggi toksisitas obat yang ada, dalam hal ini dibutuhkan agen-agen pengobatan yang baru dengan aktivitas antifungal yang lebih baik dan toksisitas yang rendah. Minyak esensial Melaleuca alternifolia (MA) dan Nigella sativa (NS) merupakan tanaman yang mempunyai efek antifungal yang baik dengan toksisitas dan resistensi yang rendah. Tujuan: Menganalisis potensi minyak esensial MA, NS dan kombinasinya dalam menghambat pertumbuhan C. albicans. Metoda: Minyak esensial MA dan NS didapat dari Eteris Nusantara dan dipaparkan pada C. albicans ATCC 10231 dan isolat klinik dengan metode uji daya hambat dan teknik serial dilution. Hasil: Minyak esensial MA dan kombinasi MA dan NS dapat menghambat 100% pertumbuhan C. albicans, sedangkan minyak esensial NS dapat menghambat rata-rata 11% pertumbuhan C. albicans isolat klinik. Kesimpulan: Minyak esensial NS dan kombinasi MA dan NS berpotensi dalam menghambat pertumbuhan C. albicans. Kombinasi MA dan NS lebih berpotensi dalam menghambat pertumbuhan C. albicans dibandingkan minyak esensial NS, tetapi kombinasi MA dan NS tidak lebih berpotensi dalam menghambat pertumbuhan C. albicans dibandingkan dengan minyak esensial MA. ......Oral candidiasis is the most common fungal infection. It is an opportunistic infection that occurs in the oral cavity that caused by Candida, the most abundant species is Candida albicans (C. albicans). The clinical manifestation of oral candidiasis is considered to be mild but it is become severe when it attack individual with inadequate immune system. Antifungal drugs have an important role in overcoming this disease, but resistance has developed to current antifungal drugs and some of it have a high toxicity, for these reasons it is important to find another drug with a low occurrence of resistance and lower toxicity. Melaleuca alternifolia (MA) and Nigella sativa (NS) essential oils are derived from herbal plant that have a good antifungal activity with a low toxicity and low occurrence of resistance. Aimed: To analyze the potential of MA, NS and the combination of both in inhibiting the growth of C. albicans. Method: Essential oils were from Eteris Nusantara, these oils were tested on C. albicans ATCC 10231 and C. albicans isolated from healthy patient. The method used was inhibition potential with serial dilution technique. Result: Essential oils of MA and the combination of MA and NS can inhibit the growth of C. albicans with a percentage of 100%. While, NS can inhibit the growth of C. albicans isolated from healthy patient with a mean percentage of 11%. Conclusion: Essential oils of NS and the combination of MA and NS have the potential to inhibit the growth of C. albicans. The combination of MA and NS has a better potential to inhibit the growth of C. albicans compared with NS, but the oil combination does not has a better potential compared with MA.

Abstrak :
Penghambatan aktivitas elastase dapat diterapkan sebagai metode untuk melindungi terhadap penuaan kulit. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk memperoleh tanaman Indonesia yang memiliki potensi sebagai inhibitor elastase menggunakan penapisan virtual dengan piranti lunak penambatan molekul AutoDock. Penapisan virtual dari 1406 senyawa dari basis data senyawa tanaman obat di Indonesia terhadap penghambatan elastase diperoleh peringkat tertinggi yakni senyawa leucadenon A-D. Pengujian secara in vitro terhadap penghambatan elastase dilakukan terhadap ekstrak dan fraksi daun Melaleuca leucadendron L. yang mengandung senyawa leucadenon A-D yang menempati peringkat 5 besar teratas dari hasil penapisan virtual. Daun segar M. leucadendron L. diekstraksi secara maserasi dengan pelarut aseton kemudian difraksinasi dengan kloroform. Fraksi kloroform difraksinasi kembali menggunakan kromatografi cair vakum sehingga didapatkan 6 fraksi (A-F) yang digabungkan berdasarkan profil KLT. Persen inhibisi elastase berturut-turut pada konsentrasi 50; 25; dan 12,5 µg/mL, fraksi A adalah 68,3; 57,0; dan 47,6% dan fraksi B adalah 68,1; 64,0; dan 48,3%. Pada konsentrasi yang sama, nilai persen inhibisi fraksi A dan B lebih besar jika dibandingkan asam oleanolat yaitu 62,4; 55,9; dan 46,5%. Uji kinetika enzim menunjukkan fraksi B daun M. leucadendron L. menginhibisi elastase secara kompetitif. Hasil identifikasi golongan senyawa menunjukkan bahwa fraksi A dan B daun M. leucadendron L. mengandung flavonoid dan terpen.

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Inhibition of elastase activity can be applied as a method to protect against skin aging. This research was conducted to obtain Indonesian plants that have potential as elastase inhibitors using virtual screening with the molecular docking software AutoDock. Virtual screening of 1406 compounds from a database of medicinal plants in Indonesia on the inhibition of elastase obtained the highest rank is leucadenone A-D. In vitro assay on elastase inhibitory of leaves extract and fractions Melaleuca leucadendron L. containing leucadenone A-D compounds which ranks the top 5 of the virtual screening results. Fresh leaves of M. leucadendron L. extracted by maceration with acetone and then fractionated with chloroform. Chloroform fraction was fractionated using vacuum liquid chromatography and obtained 6 fractions (A-F) were combined based on TLC profiles. Percent inhibition of elastase at concentrations of 50; 25; and 12.5 µg/mL respectively, fraction A was 68.3; 57.0; and 47.6% and fraction B was 68.1; 64.0; and 48.3%. At the same concentration, percent inhibition of fractions A and B greater than oleanolat acid was 62.4; 55.9; and 46.5%. Enzyme kinetics assays showed that B fraction leaves Melaleuca leucadendron L. inhibited competitively. Phytochemical screening showed that A and B fraction leaves of M. leucadendron L. contained flavonoids and terpenes.

Abstrak :
Minyak kayu putih merupakan salah satu minyak atsiri Indonesia yang diperoleh dari hasil penyulingan daun tanaman kayu putih (Melaleuca leucadendron L). Komponen utama dalam minyak kayu putih adalah sineol. Untuk menganalisis adanya kandungan sineol tersebut digunakan metode kromatografi gas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menetapkan kadar sineol dalam sediaan minyak kayu putih dengan kondisi analisis optimum sineol pada tekanan gas pembawa 40 kPa, temperatur tempat penyuntikkan 200ºC, temperatur kolom 30ºC yang dipertahankan selama 5 menit kemudian ditingkatkan hingga 100ºC dengan kenaikkan 1ºC per menit dan temperatur detektor FID 200ºC. Dari 8 sampel yang diperiksa, dapat diketahui bahwa seluruh sediaan minyak kayu putih mengandung sineol masing-masing, sampel A sebesar (27,54 ± 0,401) %b/v, sampel B (56,68 ± 0,029) %b/v, sampel C (44,93 ± 0,272) %b/v, sampel D (18,75 ± 0,099) %b/v, sampel E (0,38 ± 0,004) %b/v, sampel F (5,88 ± 0,037) %b/v, sampel G (7,85 ± 0,054) %b/v dan sampel H sebesar (6,76 ± 0,06) %b/v.

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Cajeput oil is one of the essential oils from Indonesia, this is obtained from the product of destilating the leaves from a cajeput tree (Melaleuca leucadendron L). The main component of this oil is cineol. To analyse the above possibility, the gas liquid chromatography method is used. This research is purposed to determine the cineol content in cajeput oil with analysis condition of gas chromatography as follows : pressure of carrier gas is 40 kPa, temperature of injector is 200ºC, temperature of detector is 200ºC and temperature of column is 30ºC which was maintained for 5 minutes and than raised up to 100ºC with temperature increased 1ºC per minute. After analysing 8 samples, the cineol are founded with content are as follows : the sample A has (27,54 ± 0,401) %b/v content, the sample B has (56,68 ± 0,029) %b/v, the sample C has (44,93 ± 0,272) %b/v, the sample D has (18,75 ± 0,099) %b/v, the sample E has (0,38 ± 0,004) %b/v, the sample F has (5,88 ± 0,037) %b/v, the sample G has (7,85 ± 0,054) %b/v and the sample H has (6,76 ± 0,06) %b/v content.

Abstrak :
Thionic Fluvisols soil in Southern Vietnam is like typical acid sulfate soil in the tropics and is severely polluted due to human activities. Salinity intrusion and industrial wastewater contamination are the main cause of environmental degradation in soil ecosystem. This research was aimed to determine a link between biochemical soil properties and land use types to provide suitable solutions for afforestation and soil restoration. Soil sampling was conducted in five different land use types at four soil layers (O, AB, Bj and Cp). The five land use types were sugarcane crop; Melaleuca plantation; 2-year Acacia plantation; 5-year Acacia plantation; and control (grass-covered land). The results showed that soil in those five land use types were very acidic (pH ≤ 4) having poor-nutrient condition with  range of  orthophosphate  content of 378 - 640 mg/kg, N-NH4  of 586 - 999 mg/kg and N-NO3 of 830 - 1,112 mg/kg. Concentration of toxic ions was very high with large variation among land use types and soil depths i.e. 1,799 – 12,403 mg SO42-/kg; 22 - 1,645 mg exchangeable Fe/kg and 34 - 88 mg Al3+/kg soil. The lowest concentration of exchangeable Fe3+ and SO42- ions were found in sugarcane and Melaleuca plantations, respectively. Twenty-three sulfur-oxidizing bacteria and two iron-oxidizing bacteria were identified. All these bacteria were initially identified as Thiobacillus sp. Sugarcane and Melaleuca plantations exhibited the most diverse Thiobacillus species which linked to reduction of exchangeable Fe and SO42- concentrations in these two land use types. This study indicated that Thiobacillus sp. could grow well in the Thionic Fluvisols. It is proposed that Melaleuca and sugarcane species could reduce iron and sulfur contents in Thionic Fluvisols in the tropics

Abstrak :
Tea tree oil merupakan minyak atsiri dari tanaman Melaleuca alternifolia yang memiliki khasiat sebagai antibakteri. Sifat hidrofobik dari tea tree oil menimbulkan masalah dalam formulasi produk obat maupun kosmetik yang berbasis air. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memformulasikan tea tree oil dalam bentuk nanoemulsi gel dan menguji stabilitas fisik serta aktivitas antibakterinya secara in vitro. Nanoemulsi gel dibuat dengan berbagai konsentrasi tea tree oil yaitu 5%, 7%, dan 9% menggunakan tween 80 sebagai surfaktan dan propilenglikol sebagai kosurfaktan. Sediaan nanoemulsi gel tea tree oil menunjukkan penampilan fisik yang stabil selama penyimpanan 8 minggu pada suhu rendah (4°C ± 2°C) dan suhu ruang (25°C ± 2°C), cycling test, serta uji mekanik. Formula terbaik adalah nanoemulsi gel F1 yang mengandung tea tree oil 5% karena memiliki stabilitas yang baik, ukuran globul yang lebih kecil, dan viskositas yang lebih kental. Hasil uji aktivitas antibakteri secara in vitro menunjukkan bahwa sediaan nanoemulsi gel tea tree oil memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Propionibacterium acnes dengan terbentuknya zona hambat. Semakin tinggi konsentrasi tea tree oil dalam sediaan (5%, 7%, dan 9%) memberikan rata-rata zona hambat yang semakin besar (28,33 ± 0,88 mm; 30,33 ± 0,33 mm; dan 31,67 ± 0,33 mm). ......Tea tree oil is an essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia which has antibacterial activity. Hydrophobic properties of tea tree oil cause problem in the formulation of drug product as well as water-based cosmetics. This study aims to formulate tea tree oil into nanoemulsion gel dosage form and evaluate its physical stability and antibacterial activity. Nanoemulsion gel was formulated in various concentrations of tea tree oil, which were 5%, 7% and 9% using tween 80 as surfactant and propyleneglycol as cosurfactant. Nanoemulsion gel tea tree oil showed stable physical appearance during 8 weeks of storage at low temperature (4°C ± 2°C) and room temperature (25° ± 2°C), cycling test, as well as mechanical test. The best formula is nanoemulsion gel F1 containing 5% tea tree oil because it has good stability, smaller globule size, and more viscous. Results of antibacterial activity in vitro studies showed that tea tree oil nanoemulsion gel had antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes by the formation of inhibition zone. Higher concentration of tea tree oil in nanoemulsion gel (5%, 7%, and 9%) showed greater mean inhibition zone (28,33 ± 0,88 mm; 30,33 ± 0,33 mm; and 31,67 ± 0,33 mm).