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"Manitol, suatu gula poliol yang terdiri dari enam rantai karbon bermanfaat sebagai bahan tambahan pada produksi tablet, pemanis, dan juga berkhasiat sebagai diuretik osmotik. Produksi manitol secara sintesis kimia yaitu dengan reaksi hidrogenasi fruktosa dengan katalis nikel menghasilkan manitol 48 - 50% b/b dengan hasil sampingan berupa sorbitol. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mencari kondisi sintesis yang optimum agar didapatkan manitol dalam jumlah yang optimal. Optimasi kondisi sintesis manitol meliputi optimasi konsentrasi fruktosa (10, 15, dan 20%), konsentrasi katalis (3, 5, dan 7%), suhu (60, 80, 100, dan 120°C), dan waktu reaksi (40, 60, 80, dan 100 menit). Senyawa hasil sintesis dianalisis dengan alat kromatografi cair kinerja tinggi (KCKT) dengan kolom Waters® Carbohydrate Analysis (3,9 mm x 300 mm, 10μm) dan fase gerak asetonitril-air (93:7) dengan laju alir 1,0 mL/menit. Produk hasil sintesis dideteksi dengan detektor indeks bias. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa kondisi optimum untuk sintesis manitol adalah konsentrasi fruktosa 10%, konsentrasi katalis 5%, suhu sintesis 100°C , dan waktu sintesis 120 menit. Pada kondisi ini dihasilkan manitol sebesar 42,77%.

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Mannitol is a six-carbon sugar polyol, have been used as inert excipient, sweetener, and also use as an osmotic diuretic. Production of mannitol with chemical synthesis process by hidrogenation of fructose over nickel based catalysts gave mannitol yield between 48 - 50% w/w , as a main product and sorbitol as side product. The purpose of this experiment was to found the optimum condition for the synthesis condition that can gave the optimum mannitol yields. The effect of concentration fructose (10, 15, and 20%), concentration catalyst (3, 5, and 7%), temperature (60, 80, 100, and 120°C), and synthesis time (40, 60, 80, and 100 minute) on the yield of mannitol were studied. Products from the synthesis were analysed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with Waters® Carbohydrate Analysis coloum (3,9 mm x 300 mm, 10μm), and acetonitril-water (93:7) as the mobile phase, flow rate of the eluent was 1,0 mL/minute. Products of synthesis were detected with refractive indexs detector. 42,77 % mannitol yield were obtained at the condition of 10% fructose, 5% catalyst, 100°C reaction temperature, and 120 minutes reaction time."

"ABSTRAKManitol adalah gula poliol yang digunakan secara luas sebagai bahan tambahanmakanan dan eksipien farmasetika yang juga memiliki beberapa manfaatkesehatan. Manitol dapat diproduksi baik melalui ekstraksi dari tumbuhanFraxinus ornus; proses hidrogenasi kimiawi; maupun biokonversi menggunakanmikroorganisme. Proses biokonversi menggunakan mikroorganisme lebih banyakdipilih terutama karena tidak dihasilkan sorbitol yang sulit dipisahkan. Penelitianini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan kondisi optimum produksi manitol denganmenggunakan resting cell khamir metilotrop isolat terpilih. Isolasi khamirdilakukan dari tanah untuk mendapatkan khamir metilotrop yang berpotensimenghasilkan manitol. Kemudian dilakukan skrining terhadap isolat yangdidapatkan dan tiga isolat UICC, yaitu Candida sp, Debaryomyces nepalensis danDebaryomyces hansenii. Optimasi fermentasi dilakukan dengan menetapkanvariasi terhadap waktu kultivasi, konsentrasi resting cell, konsentrasi substrat,penambahan ammonium sulfat dan kondisi aerasi. Analisis produk dilakukanmenggunakan KCKT dengan kolom Waters dan detektor indeks bias (RID)dengan laju alir 1,0 mL/menit dan volume injeksi 20 μ L. Hasil skriningmenunjukkan bahwa Debaryomyces hansenii adalah galur terpilih untukbiokonversi manitol. Kondisi optimum biokonversi manitol dari setiap variabeladalah fermentasi dengan 140 mg/mL resting cell selama 3 hari; penggunaanfruktosa 10%; penambahan Ammonium Sulfat 0,75%; dan fermentasimenggunakan volume media 15 ml dalam erlenmeyer 50 mL, dengan yield valueterbaik yang didapatkan adalah 61,15%.

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AbstractMannitol is a polyol sugar widely used as food additive and pharmaceuticalexcipient which also has health benefits. Mannitol can be produced by view ways,such as the extraction from plant, Fraxinus ornus; the convertion of fructose intomannitol by enzymatic process; and also bioconvertion by microorganism.Bioconversion by microorganism is widely chosen mainly because it does notproduce sorbitol which is hard to be separated. The objective of this study wasobtaining optimum condition for the production of mannitol by using resting cellof selected local isolated methylotropic yeast. Isolation from soil is done to getmethylotropic yeasts that have ability to produce mannitol. After that, screeningwas done over the isolated yeast and UICC isolate, Candida sp, Debaryomycesnepalensis dan Debaryomyces hansenii. From that prodecure, Debaryomyceshansenii was known to be able to produce mannitol with highest value.Optimation of fermentation was done by varying the cultivation time, resting cellconcentration, substrate concentration, ammonium sulphate addition and aerationcondition. Product analysis conducted using HPLC with Waters column andrefractive index detector (RID). It was showed that the optimum condition of eachvariables are reached by fermentation of 140 mg/mL resting cell for three days;fermentation with fructose 10%; fermentation with the addition of AmmoniumSulphate 0,75%; and fermentation with the use of 15 ml media in erlenmeyer flask50 mL, with the highest yield value 61,15%."

"Latar Belakang: Strategi yang sering digunakan untuk mengurangi kejadian acute kidney injury pasca kemoterapi cisplatin adalah kombinasi hidrasi dan mannitol. Walaupun sebagian studi menyatakan bahwa mannitol menurunkan kejadian acute kidney injury pasca kemoterapi cisplatin, studi lainnya menunjukkan hal sebaliknya.Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh penambahan mannitol pada hidrasi terhadap kejadian acute kidney injury pada pasien kanker yang mendapatkan cisplatin dosis tinggi.Metode: Studi dengan desain kohort ambispektif terhadap pasien kanker organ padat yang mendapat kemoterapi cisplatin dosis tinggi di RSCM dan MRCCC Siloam Hospitals. Penelitian dilakukan pada September 2017-Februari 2018. Luaran yang dinilai adalah peningkatan kreatinin serum ge; 0,3 mg/dl atau 1,5 kali kadar pra kemoterapi. Analisis bivariat dan multivariat dengan logistik regresi dilakukan untuk menghitung crude risk ratio RR dan adjusted RR kejadian acute kidney injury pasca kemoterapi cisplatin dosis tinggi antara kelompok dengan penambahan mannitol terhadap kelompok tanpa penambahan mannitol pada hidrasi.Hasil: Data didapat dari 110 pasien (57,3% laki-laki) dengan median usia 44,5 tahun (kisaran 19 - 60 tahun); 63 mendapat penambahan mannitol dan 47 hanya hidrasi. Proporsi kejadian AKI lebih tinggi pada kelompok yang mendapatkan penambahan mannitol vs kelompok tanpa penambahan mannitol (22,6% vs 10,4%). Pada analisis bivariat didapatkan penambahan mannitol pada hidrasi meningkatkan probabilitas terjadinya AKI pasca kemoterapi cisplatin dosis tinggi, dengan risiko relatif (RR) sebesar 2,168 (IK 95% 0,839-5,6). Pada analisis multivariat dengan mengontrol usia, adjusted RR adalah 3,52 (IK 95% 1,11-11,162; p value = 0,033).Simpulan : Penambahan mannitol pada hidrasi memiliki risiko lebih besar terhadap kejadian AKI pasca kemoterapi Cisplatin dosis tinggi.

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Background: The addition of mannitol to saline hydration has been used frequently for preventing cisplatin induced acute kidney injury (AKI). Meanwhile, the initial studies demonstrated that mannitol diuresis decreased cisplatin induced renal injury and others have shown renal injury to be worst.Objective: To compare the risk of acute kidney injury in cancer patients receiving high dose cisplatin with and without addition of mannitol.Method: This was an ambispective cohort study based on consecutive sampling at Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital and Mochtar Riady Comprehensive Cancer Centre (MRCCC) Siloam Hospitals. The data was obtained from September 2017 to February 2018. The choice of mannitol administration based on responsible physician clinical judgment. The outcome was any increment more than 0,3 mg/dl or 1,5 times from baseline of serum creatinine. Analysis was done by using SPSS statistic which consist of; univariate, bivariate and multivariate logistic regression to obtain crude risk ratio and adjusted risk ratio of cisplatin induced acute kidney injury probability of mannitol addition on hydration.Result: Data from 110 patients (57,3%) male with a median age of 44,5 years old (range 19 to 60 years old) were collected; 47 received saline alone and 63 received saline with mannitol addition. Acute kidney injury were higher with mannitol than without mannitol addition (22,6% vs 10,4%). Bivariate analysis showed higher probability of post chemotherapy AKI in mannitol group (RR 2,168; 95% CI 0,839-5,6). On multivariate analysis the adjusted RR was 3,52 (95% CI 1,11-11,162; p value = 0,033) by controlling age.Conclusion: The addition of mannitol on hydration had higher risk of AKI after high dose cisplatin chemotherapy. "

"AbstrakBrain relaxation and prevention from cerebral edema are essential in craniectomy. Osmotherapy with 20% mannitol are generally used to withdraw fluid from the brain parenchyma, however may cause hemodynamic fluctuation, due to increase diuresis. On the other hand 0.5 M hypertonic sodium lactate (HSL) appeared as an alternative of osmotherapy. This study aimed to observe the effect of hypertonic sodium lactate (HSL) on brain relaxation, blood glucose level and hemodynamic variables in craniectomy due to moderate brain injury.Methods: A randomized controlled study of 42 cases with moderate brain injury, aged 18 - 65 years, ASA 1 - 3, between September-November 2012, was carried out. The patients were divided into group M (n = 21) that received 2.5 mL/kg 20% mannitol and group HSL that received 2.5 mL/kg 0.5M HSL. Mean arterial pressures (MAP), central venous pressures (CVP) and urine output were measured after induction, and at 15, 30, 45, 60 min after infusion. Brain relaxation was assessed at a four-point scale after opening the duramater. Blood glucose levels were measured before induction and at 60 min after the infusion. Appropriate statistical tests were used for comparison. Unpaired t-test was used to compare hemodynamic and blood glucose level, and chi-square was used to compare brain relaxation.Results: MAP at 60 minute was significantly higher in HSL group than M group (81.66 ± 7.85 vs 74.33 ± 6.18 mmHg; p = 0.002). There was no difference in brain relaxation (p = 0.988). A significant increase in blood glucose level was observed in group HSL (17.95 ± 11.46 mg/dL; p = 0.001).Conclusion: Half-molar HSL was as effective as 20% mannitol in producing brain relaxation, with better hemodynamic stability and gave significant increase in blood glucose level."

"Staphylococcus aureus merupakan salah satu bakteri yang menyebabkan penyakit pada manusia. Penggunaan antibiotik penicillin dan methicillin yang tidak bijaksana dapat menyebabkan timbulnya Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Keberadaan MRSA pada hewan unggas ayam, dikhawatirkan akan menjadi agen zoonosis yang secara tidak langsung menyebar melalui udara ke komunitas masyarakat. Hal tersebut memerlukan perhatian lebih. Tujuan penelitian adalah mendeteksi gen resistan mecA dan femA pada S. aureus dari udara tempat penjual ayam di pasar tradisional Depok. Penelitian dilakukan dengan mengisolasi bakteri dari udara di 3 pasar Kota Depok menggunakan metode settle plate pada medium mannitol salt agar. Isolat yang mengubah warna medium menjadi kuning akan dilakukan pendeteksian gen STPY (257 bp), mecA (297 bp), dan femA (454 bp) menggunakan multiplex PCR. Isolat yang tidak terdeteksi gen STPY, tetapi memiliki gen resistan, diamplifikasi dengan gen 16s rRNA universal dan dilanjutkan dengan analisis urutan nukleotida. Hasil penelitian didapatkan 20 isolat MRSA dan 5 isolat MRnSA, yaitu S. gallinarum, S. saprophyticus, dan S. cohnii. Metode settle plate terbukti dapat digunakan untuk mengisolasi MRSA dan MRnSA. Dengan terdeteksi MRSA dan MRnSA di udara pasar tradisional maka perlu dilakukan upaya mitigasi untuk mencegah penularan dan peningkatan berbagai risiko kesehatan.

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Staphylococcus aureus is one of the bacteria that causes diseases in humans. The indiscriminate use of penicillin and methicillin can lead to the emergence of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The presence of MRSA in poultry, particularly chickens, is a concern as it may become a zoonotic agent indirectly spreading through the air to the community. This requires greater attention. The research objective is to detect the mecA and femA genes in S. aureus from the air at Depok traditional market chicken sellers. The study involved isolating bacteria from the air in three markets in Depok using the settle plate method on mannitol salt agar medium. Isolates that change the color of the medium to yellow will undergo detection of the STPY (257 bp), mecA (297 bp), and femA (454 bp) genes using multiplex PCR. Isolates that don’t detect STPY gene but have resistant genes will be amplified with the universal 16s rRNA gene and further analyzed for nucleotide sequence. The research results revealed 20 MRSA isolates and 5 MRnSA isolates, namely S. gallinarum, S. saprophyticus, and S. cohnii. The settle plate method has proven to be useful for isolating MRSA and MRnSA. With the detection of MRSA and MRnSA in the air of traditional markets, mitigation efforts are needed to prevent transmission and reduce various health risks."

"Senyawa gula poliol, seperti maltitol, manitol, xilitol dan sorbitol, merupakan bahan kimia yang sering ditambahkan ke dalam produk makanan maupun farmasi sebagai pemanis, sehingga diperlukan metode analisis untuk identifikasi dan penetapan kadar senyawa tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh kondisi yang optimal pada analisis campuran keempat senyawa gula poliol dan menetapkan kadar beberapa produk pemanis buatan yang beredar dengan menggunakan Kromatografi Cair Kinerja Tinggi (KCKT). Analisis dilakukan dengan menggunakan kolom Shodex Sugar SZ5532 (150 x 6,0 mm), detektor indeks bias RID-10A, fase gerak asetonitril-air (85:15) dengan laju alir 1,2 mL/menit pada suhu kolom sebesar 65°C. Didapatkan koefisien korelasi (r) untuk xilitol, manitol, sorbitol, dan maltitol berturut-turut 0,9985; 0,9980; 0,9975; dan 0,9990 dengan rentang konsentrasi 2.000 μg/mL sampai dengan 7.000 μg/mL. Metode ini juga memenuhi kriteria uji selektivitas. Pada penetapan kadar sampel, sampel A, B, C, D, dan E yang dipreparasi menggunakan pelarut air, dilakukan pada kondisi analisis yang terpilih. Didapatkan bahwa sampel B dan C yang beredar di pasaran tidak memenuhi persyaratan kadar zat dalam sediaan, sedangkan sampel A, D, dan E memenuhi syarat.

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Polyol compounds, such as maltitol, mannitol, xylitol, and sorbitol, are chemical substances that often added into food and pharmaceutical products, therefore analytical method is required for its identification and for determining its concentration. This study is aimed to obtain an optimum analytical condition of the mixture of four polyol compounds and to determine its content in a few artificial sweetener products using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Analysis was done by using Shodex Sugar SZ5532 column (150 x 6.0 mm) with refractive index detector RID-10A, acetonitrile-water (85:15) as the mobile phase, flow rate 1.2 mL/min, and the temperature of the column was 65°C.

Correlation coefficient was obtained for xylitol, mannitol, sorbitol, and maltitol consecutively 0.9985; 0.9980; 0.9975; and 0.9990 with the range of concentration from 2,000 μg/mL to 7,000 μg/mL. This method has also passed the criteria of selectivity test. Assay of the five samples which was prepared by dissolving each sample contained polyol compounds with water, was determined using the chosen analytical condition. Sample B and C didn't meet the requirement of a chemical substance’s content in dosage form, whereas sample A, D, and E met the requirement of a chemical substance's content in dosage form."

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Sediaan inhalasi serbuk kering dapat menjadi solusi untuk pengobatan tuberkulosis karena dapat memaksimalkan konsentrasi obat pada daerah yang terinfeksi. Obat antituberkulosis yang memiliki kelarutan yang rendah seperti rifampisin akan menurunkan efektivitas kerja obat di paru-paru yang hanya memiliki sedikit volume cairan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat serbuk inhalasi rifampisin dengan kelarutan dan disolusi yang lebih baik menggunakan manitol dan polivinilpirolidon K-30. Serbuk inhalasi rifampisin-manitol 1:1 dan 1:2, rifampisin-PVP 1:1 dan 1:2, serta rifampisin-manitol-PVP 1:1:1 dibuat dengan semprot kering. Serbuk inhalasi yang diperoleh dikarakterisasi secara fisik, kimia, serta kelarutan dan disolusi. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa serbuk inhalasi rifampisin berhasil diformulasikan dengan menggunakan manitol dan PVP K-30 dan adanya peningkatan kelarutan dan disolusi. Peningkatan kelarutan dan disolusi didukung oleh hasil DSC, XRD, dan FTIR yang menunjukkan terjadinya interaksi antara rifampisin dengan kedua pembawa dan perubahan bentuk kristal. Serbuk inhalasi rifampisin-PVP 1:2 F4 terbukti paling baik meningkatkan kelarutan rifampisin dalam aquademineralisata dengan kelarutan dari 1,853 0,175 mg/mL menjadi 25,519 0,187 mg/mL serta disolusi dari 8.812 2.199 menjadi 54,943 5,622 selama 2 jam. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, dapat disimpulkan bahwa rifampisin dapat diformulasikan sebagai serbuk inhalasi yang memiliki kelarutan dan disolusi yang lebih baik dengan penambahan PVP K-30 1:2.

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ABSTRACT

Dry powder inhalation can be a solution for tuberculosis treatment because it allows high drug concentration in the infected area of lung. Poorly soluble antitubercular drug, such as rifampicin can limit the therapeutic effect in the limited lung fluid volume. This study aimed to produce dry powder inhalation of rifampicin with a better solubility using mannitol and polyvynilpryrrolidone K 30 as carriers. Rifampicin mannitol 1 1 and 1 2, rifampicin PVP 1 1 and 1 2, and rifampicin mannitol PVP 1 1 1 were made by spray drying. These inhalation powder were characterized by their physical properties, chemical properties, also solubility and dissolution. This study showed that rifampicin inhalation powder were successfully formulated using mannitol and PVP and also increasing its solubility and dissolution. The characterization with DSC, XRD, FTIR showed the interaction between rifampicin with both carriers and the deformation to amorphous state. Rifampicin PVP 1 2 F4 inhalation powder appeared to show the best result in enhancing rifampicin rsquo s solubility in deionized water from 1.853 0.175 mg mL to 25.519 0.187 mg mL also dissolution from 8.812 2.199 to 54.943 5.622 . Based on these results, it can be concluded that rifampicin can be formulated into inhalation powder and perform better solubility and dissolution with the combination of rifampicin PVP K 30 1 2."