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Abstrak :
Perkembangan teknologi telah mempengaruhi berbagai sektor di kehidupan termasuk juga dengan sektor pembelanjaan, seperti e-commerce. E-commerce termasuk media belanja yang selalu berkembang, salah satunya live streaming. Layanan live streaming social media menjadi terkenal di kisaran tahun 2020-2021 dengan tingkat penjualan di siaran langsung meningkat tajam hingga 76 persen di seluruh dunia. Tiktok live shopping merupakan layanan dari aplikasi Tiktok yang menawarkan peluang bagi brand untuk memamerkan produk secara real-time melalu acara live streaming. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor yang mempengaruhi prilaku transaksi impulsif melalui live streaming e-commerce Tiktok live menggunakan model Stimulus Organism Respons (SOR). Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan melakukan survei terhadap pengguna aktif TikTok live yang telah melakukan pembelian produk melalui live streaming e-commerce. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan teknik non-probability sampling dan analisis data menggunakan Partial Least Square (PLS). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis beberapa faktor seperti price promotion, promotion time limit, customer-streamer interaction, customer-customer interaction, best deal, visual appeal, perceived value, shopping convenience terhadap transaksi impulsif. Hasil analisis membuktikan bahwa price promotion, customer-streamer interaction, best deal, visual appeal, perceived value, shopping convenience berpengaruh terhadap transaksi impulsif, terdapat beberapa variabel penelitian seperti promotion time limit, customer-streamer interaction, customer-customer interaction, best deal, visual appeal, perceived value, shopping convenience berpengaruh negatif terhadap perceived risk. Dari hasil penelitian dapat dilihat bahwa perceived risk memediasi hubungan antara promotion time limit, customer-streamer interaction, customer-customer interaction, best deal, visual appeal, perceived value, shopping convenience dan transaksi impulsif. ......Technological advancements have influenced various sectors of life, including the retail sector, such as e-commerce. E-commerce, including live streaming, is a constantly evolving shopping medium. One of the popular trends in recent years is live streaming on social media platforms. Live streaming services on social media gained popularity around 2020-2021, with live broadcast sales increasing by up to 76 percent worldwide. TikTok live shopping is a service offered by the TikTok app that provides opportunities for brands to showcase their products in real-time through live streaming events. The purpose of this research is to analyze the factors that influence impulsive transaction behavior through TikTok live e-commerce using the Stimulus Organism Response (SOR) model. This study conducted a survey among active TikTok live users who have made product purchases through live streaming e-commerce. Data collection was done using non-probability sampling techniques, and data analysis was performed using Partial Least Square (PLS). The research aims to analyze several factors such as price promotion, promotion time limit, customer-streamer interaction, customer-customer interaction, best deal, visual appeal, perceived value, and shopping convenience in relation to impulsive transactions. The analysis results demonstrate that price promotion, customer-streamer interaction, best deal, visual appeal, perceived value, and shopping convenience have an influence on impulsive transactions. Additionally, several research variables such as promotion time limit, customer-streamer interaction, customer-customer interaction, best deal, visual appeal, perceived value, and shopping convenience negatively affect perceived risk. From the research findings, it can be observed that perceived risk mediates the relationship between promotion time limit, customer-streamer interaction, customer-customer interaction, best deal, visual appeal, perceived value, shopping convenience, and impulsive transactions.

Abstrak :
Live streaming commerce merupakan salah satu kanal penjualan yang saat ini kerap digunakan oleh para pebisnis untuk memasarkan dan menjualkan produk yang mereka miliki, seperti halnya produk fashion. TikTok merupakan salah satu platformce live streaming commerce yang paling banyak digunakan di Indonesia. Hingga saat ini, produk fashion merupakan jenis produk yang memiliki jumlah live streamer dengan ranking yang tinggi pada Fitur live Shopping yang terdapat pada platform TikTok. Melihat persaingan yang ketat di antara live streamer, peneliti melakukan penelusuran dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi parasocial relationship, purchase intention, dan behavioral loyalty konsumen pada konteks live streaming shopping. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan data yang diperoleh dari 350 responden yang merupakan pengguna aktif TikTok dan pernah menonton live streaming shopping pada TikTok. Data diperoleh menggunakan metode non-probability sampling dengan menyebarkan survei secara online. Hasil pengujian yang dilakukan menunjukkan bahwa semua hipotesis didukung oleh data yang diperoleh, kecuali terkait dengan pengaruh attractiveness dan expertise terhadap hubungan parasocial atau hubungan sepihak yang dirasakan oleh konsumen terhadap live streamer pada live streaming commerce TikTok. Penelitian ini memberikan kontribusi teoretis dan praktikal untuk para pebisnis dan live streamer, khususnya terkait dengan menumbuhkan parasocial relationship, purchase intention, dan behavioral loyalty konsumen TikTok Live. ......Live streaming commerce is a sales channel that is currently often used by business people to market and sell their products, such as fashion products. TikTok is one of the most used live streaming commerce platforms in Indonesia. Until now, fashion products are a type of product that has a high number of live streamers with high rankings in the live Shopping feature found on the TikTok platform. Seeing the intense competition among live streamers, researchers conducted a search with the aim of knowing the factors that can influence parasocial relationships, purchase intentions, and consumer behavioral loyalty in the context of live streaming shopping. This research was conducted using data obtained from 350 respondents who are active users of TikTok and have watched live streaming shopping on TikTok. Data was obtained using the non-probability sampling method by distributing online surveys. The results of the tests carried out show that all hypotheses are supported by the data obtained, except those related to the influence of attractiveness and expertise on parasocial relationships or unilateral relationships felt by consumers towards live streamers in live streaming commerce TikTok. This research provides theoretical and practical contributions for business people and live streamers, especially related to growing parasocial relationships, purchase intentions, and behavioral loyalty of TikTok Live consumers.

Abstrak :
Di Indonesia, nilai transaksi e-commerce terus meningkat dalam beberapa tahun terakhir semenjak kehadiran fitur live shopping. Sudah ada penelitian-penelitian yang menemukan bahwa cara berkomunikasi streamer dengan audiens adalah hal penting dalam mempengaruhi purchase behavior dari konsumen. Akan tetapi, pengaruh gaya komunikasi streamer terhadap purchase intention audiens masih sedikit diketahui. Studi ini mengidentifikasi variabel immersion dan parasocial interaction dalam memediasi pengaruh gaya komunikasi interaction orientation streamer terhadap purchase intention audiens Shopee Live. Variabel expertise dan attractiveness yang masing-masing memoderasi pengaruh interaction orientation terhadap immersion dan parasocial interaction juga turut dianalisis. Penelitian ini melaksanakan studi empiris dengan mengirimkan kuesioner secara daring kepada 176 responden. Setelah dilakukan penyaringan, 125 respons yang sesuai kriteria kemudian dianalisis menggunakan partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pengaruh positif dari streamer’s interaction orientation terhadap pengalaman immersive audiens, namun tidak pada pengalaman parasosial. Expertise dan attractiveness dari streamers tidak terbukti memperkuat pengaruh interaction orientation terhadap pengalaman immersive maupun parasosial dari audiens. ......In Indonesia, the value of e-commerce transactions has continued to increase in the last few years since the presence of the live shopping feature. There have been studies that have found that the way streamers communicate with their audience is very important in influencing consumer purchasing behavior. However, little is known about the influence of streamers' communication styles on audience purchase intentions. This research aims to identify immersion and parasocial interaction variables in mediating the influence of streamer interaction orientation communication styles on Shopee Live audience purchase intentions. The variables of expertise and attractiveness, which respectively moderate the influence of interaction orientation on immersion and parasocial interaction, are also explained. This research carried out an empirical study by sending questionnaires boldly to 176 respondents. After filtering, 125 responses that met the criteria were then analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The research results show that there is a positive influence of the streamer's interaction orientation on the viewer's immersive experience, but not on the parasocial experience. The expertise and attractiveness of the streamer were not shown to strengthen the influence of interaction orientation on the immersive or parasocial experience of the audience.

Abstrak :
TikTok live shopping merupakan suatu platform belanja secara real-time dimana streamer dapat terhubung dan berinteraksi dengan pembeli secara langsung melalui konten live streaming pada TikTok. Platform live stream commerce ini sedang naik tren, namun masih sedikit penelitian yang membahas faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi perilaku pembelian impulsif di platform ini. Pembelian impulsif merupakan hal yang penting karena dinilai sebagai salah satu kunci kesuksesan transaksi pada e-commerce. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini mencoba untuk mencari tahu faktor-faktor apa saja yang memengaruhi pembelian impulsif menggunakan teori flow dan parasocial relationship.Pada penelitian ini, faktor technology affordance dan faktor stream dimension dipilih sebagai anteseden dari flow untuk mengetahui apakah teknologi pada TikTok live shopping dapat memengaruhi perilaku pengguna. Sementara itu, source credibility model dipilih sebagai anteseden dari teori parasocial relationship untuk mengetahui apakah faktor eksternal dapat memengaruhi perilaku pengguna. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan metode campuran dengan pendekatan kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Pendekatan kuantitatif dilakukan dengan metode covariance-based structural equation modelling (CB-SEM) dengan menggunakan survei daring yang diisi oleh 608 responden valid. Pendekatan kualitatif dengan wawancara telah dilakukan kepada sepuluh responden untuk memvalidasi hasil kuantitatif. Hasil analisis membuktikan bahwa teori flow dan parasocial relationship memberikan pengaruh signifikan terhadap perilaku pembelian impulsif; semua faktor pada source credibility model memengaruhi parasocial relationship; dan hanya perceived effortlessness serta interactivity yang memberikan pengaruh pada flow. Penelitian ini berimplikasi teoretis dengan mengisi kekosongan penelitian mengenai pembelian impulsif pada live stream commerce khususnya TikTok live shopping. Penelitian ini memiliki implikasi praktis bagi pelaku industri live stream commerce untuk mengimplementasi fitur yang sesuai dan mengatur strategi bisnis yang tepat. ......TikTok live shopping is a real-time shopping platform where streamers can connect and interact with buyers directly through live streaming content on TikTok. There are still not many studies that discuss the factors that influence impulsive buying behavior on TikTok live shopping. “E-commerce live streaming” is regarded as the latest trend of e-commerce, and impulse buying is a key factor in the success of transactions. Therefore, this study tries to determine what factors influence impulsive buying using the flow theory and parasocial relationships. In this study, the technology factor (technology affordance) and the stream dimension factor were chosen as the antecedents of flow to find out whether technology in TikTok live shopping can affect user behavior. Meanwhile, the source credibility model was chosen as an antecedent of the parasocial relationship theory to determine whether external factors can influence user behavior. The research was conducted using mixed methods with quantitative and qualitative approaches. The quantitative approach was carried out using the covariance-based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM) method using an online questionnaire survey and a total of 608 valid questionnaires were collected. The qualitative approach using interviews have been conducted to 10 respondents to validate the quantitative results. Research results show that flow and parasocial relationship theory have a significant influence on impulsive buying behavior; all factors in the source credibility model affect parasocial relationships; and only perceived effortlessness and interactivity have an effect on flow. This research provides theoretical implications by completing the research gap regarding impulse buying on live stream commerce, especially TikTok live shopping. This research provides practical implications for live stream commerce industry stakeholders to implement appropriate features and set the right business strategy.

Abstrak :
TikTok live shopping merupakan suatu platform belanja secara real-time dimana streamer dapat terhubung dan berinteraksi dengan pembeli secara langsung melalui konten live streaming pada TikTok. Platform live stream commerce ini sedang naik tren, namun masih sedikit penelitian yang membahas faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi perilaku pembelian impulsif di platform ini. Pembelian impulsif merupakan hal yang penting karena dinilai sebagai salah satu kunci kesuksesan transaksi pada e-commerce. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini mencoba untuk mencari tahu faktor-faktor apa saja yang memengaruhi pembelian impulsif menggunakan teori flow dan parasocial relationship.Pada penelitian ini, faktor technology affordance dan faktor stream dimension dipilih sebagai anteseden dari flow untuk mengetahui apakah teknologi pada TikTok live shopping dapat memengaruhi perilaku pengguna. Sementara itu, source credibility model dipilih sebagai anteseden dari teori parasocial relationship untuk mengetahui apakah faktor eksternal dapat memengaruhi perilaku pengguna. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan metode campuran dengan pendekatan kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Pendekatan kuantitatif dilakukan dengan metode covariance-based structural equation modelling (CB-SEM) dengan menggunakan survei daring yang diisi oleh 608 responden valid. Pendekatan kualitatif dengan wawancara telah dilakukan kepada sepuluh responden untuk memvalidasi hasil kuantitatif. Hasil analisis membuktikan bahwa teori flow dan parasocial relationship memberikan pengaruh signifikan terhadap perilaku pembelian impulsif; semua faktor pada source credibility model memengaruhi parasocial relationship; dan hanya perceived effortlessness serta interactivity yang memberikan pengaruh pada flow. Penelitian ini berimplikasi teoretis dengan mengisi kekosongan penelitian mengenai pembelian impulsif pada live stream commerce khususnya TikTok live shopping. Penelitian ini memiliki implikasi praktis bagi pelaku industri live stream commerce untuk mengimplementasi fitur yang sesuai dan mengatur strategi bisnis yang tepat. ......TikTok live shopping is a real-time shopping platform where streamers can connect and interact with buyers directly through live streaming content on TikTok. There are still not many studies that discuss the factors that influence impulsive buying behavior on TikTok live shopping. “E-commerce live streaming” is regarded as the latest trend of e-commerce, and impulse buying is a key factor in the success of transactions. Therefore, this study tries to determine what factors influence impulsive buying using the flow theory and parasocial relationships. In this study, the technology factor (technology affordance) and the stream dimension factor were chosen as the antecedents of flow to find out whether technology in TikTok live shopping can affect user behavior. Meanwhile, the source credibility model was chosen as an antecedent of the parasocial relationship theory to determine whether external factors can influence user behavior. The research was conducted using mixed methods with quantitative and qualitative approaches. The quantitative approach was carried out using the covariance-based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM) method using an online questionnaire survey and a total of 608 valid questionnaires were collected. The qualitative approach using interviews have been conducted to 10 respondents to validate the quantitative results. Research results show that flow and parasocial relationship theory have a significant influence on impulsive buying behavior; all factors in the source credibility model affect parasocial relationships; and only perceived effortlessness and interactivity have an effect on flow. This research provides theoretical implications by completing the research gap regarding impulse buying on live stream commerce, especially TikTok live shopping. This research provides practical implications for live stream commerce industry stakeholders to implement appropriate features and set the right business strategy.

Abstrak :
TikTok merupakan salah satu media sosial yang sedang populer di Indonesia. TikTok telah merambah menjadi social commerce melalui salah satu layanan yang sedang populer yaitu live shopping. Live shopping merupakan bentuk baru dari e-commerce yang dilakukan melalui platform siaran langsung. Live shopping memberikan kemudahan interaksi yang terjadi antara penonton dan penjual (streamer) secara real-time. Kelebihan tersebut dapat menutupi permasalahan yang sering dirasakan konsumen dalam proses pembelian online yaitu keraguan terhadap produk. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi karakteristik live shopping TikTok yang memengaruhi intensi pembelian dan Word of Mouth (WOM) melalui perantara dimensi emosional. Teori yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah teori PAD (Pleasure Arousal Dominance). Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis Covariance-Based Structural Equation Modelling (CB-SEM) dan mengolah data menggunakan program AMOS 26, IBM SPSS Statistics 26, dan Google Sheet. Data responden yang valid dan digunakan hingga tahap analisis berjumlah 677 responden. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa karakteristik dari live shopping TikTok yang berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap pleasure dan arousal adalah visibility, sedangkan dominance dipengaruhi oleh ubiquity dan interactivity. Selanjutnya, pleasure memengaruhi secara signifikan intensi pembelian dan WOM, arousal hanya memengaruhi intensi pembelian, dan dominance hanya memengaruhi WOM. Hasil penelitian ini berkontribusi sekaligus memperkaya literatur terkait live shopping dengan menemukan keterkaitan antara karakteristik live shopping dengan intensi pembelian dan WOM. Penelitian ini memiliki implikasi yang dapat digunakan oleh pemangku kepentingan platform TikTok Live Shopping agar menjadi platform live shopping yang paling unggul di dalam industri live shopping yang kini semakin kompetitif. ...... As one of Indonesia's most popular social media, TikTok has penetrated into social commerce, where live shopping is one of the services currently growing rapidly. Live shopping is a new e-commerce form carried out through live broadcast platforms. Live shopping makes it easy for interactions that occur between viewers and streamers. These advantages can cover the problems often felt by consumers in the online buying process, namely product uncertainty. This study aims to identify the characteristics of live shopping that influence purchase intention and Word of Mouth (WOM) on TikTok live shopping through emotional dimension aspects. The theory used in this study is PAD theory (Pleasure Arousal Dominance). This study used the Covariance-Based Structural Equation Modeling (CB-SEM) method and processed data using the AMOS 26, IBM SPSS Statistics 26, and Google Sheets. The total of respondents used for the analysis process is 677 respondents. The results showed that visibility is a characteristic of live shopping on TikTok that has a significant effect on pleasure and arousal. In contrast, the characteristics of ubiquity and interactivity influence dominance. Furthermore, pleasure significantly influences purchase intention and WOM, whereas arousal only influences purchase intention, and dominance only influences WOM. By establishing a connection between live shopping characteristics, purchase intention, and WOM, the study's findings add to and extend the literature on live shopping. Additionally, the stakeholders of the TikTok Live Shopping platform can use the research conclusions to help it become the best live shopping platform in the increasingly competitive industry.

Abstrak :
TikTok merupakan salah satu media sosial yang sedang populer di Indonesia. TikTok telah merambah menjadi social commerce melalui salah satu layanan yang sedang populer yaitu live shopping. Live shopping merupakan bentuk baru dari e-commerce yang dilakukan melalui platform siaran langsung. Live shopping memberikan kemudahan interaksi yang terjadi antara penonton dan penjual (streamer) secara real-time. Kelebihan tersebut dapat menutupi permasalahan yang sering dirasakan konsumen dalam proses pembelian online yaitu keraguan terhadap produk. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi karakteristik live shopping TikTok yang memengaruhi intensi pembelian dan Word of Mouth (WOM) melalui perantara dimensi emosional. Teori yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah teori PAD (Pleasure Arousal Dominance). Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis Covariance-Based Structural Equation Modelling (CB-SEM) dan mengolah data menggunakan program AMOS 26, IBM SPSS Statistics 26, dan Google Sheet. Data responden yang valid dan digunakan hingga tahap analisis berjumlah 677 responden. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa karakteristik dari live shopping TikTok yang berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap pleasure dan arousal adalah visibility, sedangkan dominance dipengaruhi oleh ubiquity dan interactivity. Selanjutnya, pleasure memengaruhi secara signifikan intensi pembelian dan WOM, arousal hanya memengaruhi intensi pembelian, dan dominance hanya memengaruhi WOM. Hasil penelitian ini berkontribusi sekaligus memperkaya literatur terkait live shopping dengan menemukan keterkaitan antara karakteristik live shopping dengan intensi pembelian dan WOM. Penelitian ini memiliki implikasi yang dapat digunakan oleh pemangku kepentingan platform TikTok Live Shopping agar menjadi platform live shopping yang paling unggul di dalam industri live shopping yang kini semakin kompetitif. ...... As one of Indonesia's most popular social media, TikTok has penetrated into social commerce, where live shopping is one of the services currently growing rapidly. Live shopping is a new e-commerce form carried out through live broadcast platforms. Live shopping makes it easy for interactions that occur between viewers and streamers. These advantages can cover the problems often felt by consumers in the online buying process, namely product uncertainty. This study aims to identify the characteristics of live shopping that influence purchase intention and Word of Mouth (WOM) on TikTok live shopping through emotional dimension aspects. The theory used in this study is PAD theory (Pleasure Arousal Dominance). This study used the Covariance-Based Structural Equation Modeling (CB-SEM) method and processed data using the AMOS 26, IBM SPSS Statistics 26, and Google Sheets. The total of respondents used for the analysis process is 677 respondents. The results showed that visibility is a characteristic of live shopping on TikTok that has a significant effect on pleasure and arousal. In contrast, the characteristics of ubiquity and interactivity influence dominance. Furthermore, pleasure significantly influences purchase intention and WOM, whereas arousal only influences purchase intention, and dominance only influences WOM. By establishing a connection between live shopping characteristics, purchase intention, and WOM, the study's findings add to and extend the literature on live shopping. Additionally, the stakeholders of the TikTok Live Shopping platform can use the research conclusions to help it become the best live shopping platform in the increasingly competitive industry.

Abstrak :
TikTok merupakan salah satu media sosial yang sedang populer di Indonesia. TikTok telah merambah menjadi social commerce melalui salah satu layanan yang sedang populer yaitu live shopping. Live shopping merupakan bentuk baru dari e-commerce yang dilakukan melalui platform siaran langsung. Live shopping memberikan kemudahan interaksi yang terjadi antara penonton dan penjual (streamer) secara real-time. Kelebihan tersebut dapat menutupi permasalahan yang sering dirasakan konsumen dalam proses pembelian online yaitu keraguan terhadap produk. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi karakteristik live shopping TikTok yang memengaruhi intensi pembelian dan Word of Mouth (WOM) melalui perantara dimensi emosional. Teori yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah teori PAD (Pleasure Arousal Dominance). Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis Covariance-Based Structural Equation Modelling (CB-SEM) dan mengolah data menggunakan program AMOS 26, IBM SPSS Statistics 26, dan Google Sheet. Data responden yang valid dan digunakan hingga tahap analisis berjumlah 677 responden. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa karakteristik dari live shopping TikTok yang berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap pleasure dan arousal adalah visibility, sedangkan dominance dipengaruhi oleh ubiquity dan interactivity. Selanjutnya, pleasure memengaruhi secara signifikan intensi pembelian dan WOM, arousal hanya memengaruhi intensi pembelian, dan dominance hanya memengaruhi WOM. Hasil penelitian ini berkontribusi sekaligus memperkaya literatur terkait live shopping dengan menemukan keterkaitan antara karakteristik live shopping dengan intensi pembelian dan WOM. Penelitian ini memiliki implikasi yang dapat digunakan oleh pemangku kepentingan platform TikTok Live Shopping agar menjadi platform live shopping yang paling unggul di dalam industri live shopping yang kini semakin kompetitif. ...... As one of Indonesia's most popular social media, TikTok has penetrated into social commerce, where live shopping is one of the services currently growing rapidly. Live shopping is a new e-commerce form carried out through live broadcast platforms. Live shopping makes it easy for interactions that occur between viewers and streamers. These advantages can cover the problems often felt by consumers in the online buying process, namely product uncertainty. This study aims to identify the characteristics of live shopping that influence purchase intention and Word of Mouth (WOM) on TikTok live shopping through emotional dimension aspects. The theory used in this study is PAD theory (Pleasure Arousal Dominance). This study used the Covariance-Based Structural Equation Modeling (CB-SEM) method and processed data using the AMOS 26, IBM SPSS Statistics 26, and Google Sheets. The total of respondents used for the analysis process is 677 respondents. The results showed that visibility is a characteristic of live shopping on TikTok that has a significant effect on pleasure and arousal. In contrast, the characteristics of ubiquity and interactivity influence dominance. Furthermore, pleasure significantly influences purchase intention and WOM, whereas arousal only influences purchase intention, and dominance only influences WOM. By establishing a connection between live shopping characteristics, purchase intention, and WOM, the study's findings add to and extend the literature on live shopping. Additionally, the stakeholders of the TikTok Live Shopping platform can use the research conclusions to help it become the best live shopping platform in the increasingly competitive industry.