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"Ruang Lingkup: Asap rokok kretek terutama asap rokok sampingan dapat mempengaruhi proses spermatogenesis, kualitas semen dan perubahan kadar hormon testosteron. Pengaruh tersebut dapat terjadi melalui dua mekanisme, yaitu pertama komponen dalam asap rokok kretek berupa logam (kadmium dan nikel) dapat mengganggu aktifitas enzim adenilsiklase pads membran sel Leydig yang mengakibatkan terhambatnya sintesis hormon testosteron, kedua nikotin dalam asap rokok dapat menstimulasi medula adrenal untuk melepaskan katekolamin yang dapat mempengaruhi sistem saraf pusat sehingga dapat mengganggu proses spermatogenesis dan sintesis hormon testosteron melalui mekanisme umpan balik antara hipotalamus-hipofisis anterior - testis. Terganggunya proses spermatogenesis dapat juga disebabkan oleh kadar radikal bebas dan kerusakan kadar darah testis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai secara kuantitatif perkembangan sel-sel germinal dan frekuensi sebaran stadia epitel seminiferus testis mencit setelah pemajanan asap rokok kretek selama 30 hari; 45 hari dan 60 hari dan menilai ada tidaknya perubahan kadar hormon testosteron total setelah pemajanan tersebut. Cara penelitian: Penelitian menggunakan 36 ekor mencit jantan galur DDY yang dibagi dalam enam kelompok perlakuan yaitu: kelompok kontrol 1 (KKP1); KKP2 dan KKP3 sebagai kontrol untuk kelompok perlakuan I (KP 1); KP2 dan KP3 yang secara berturut-turut diberi asap rokok kretek selama 30 hari; 45 hari dan 60 hari dalam kotak pengasapan selama 90 menit per hari. Pada hari ke 31;46 dan 6 mencit percobaan diisolasi organ testisnya, kemudian dilakukan pembuatan sediaan histologis organ testis dengan metode paraftn dan pengambilan plasma darah mencit melalui aorta jantung. Parameter yang diukur adalah jumlah sel-sel spermatogenik pads stadium V, VII dan XII; frekuensi sebaran stadia epitel seminiferus, kadar hormon testosteron total, berat testis dan ukuran diameter tubulus seminiferus. Hasii dan Kesimpulan: Hasil uji statistik parametrik ANAVA ( cc= 0,05) menunjukkan terjadi penurunan jumlah sel-sel spermatogenik (KP2 dan KP3), perubahan frekuensi sebaran stadia epitel seminiferus (KP3), berat testis (KP2 dan KP3) dan ukuran diameter tubulus seminiferus (KP3) (p < 0,05).Uji non parametrik Mann-Whitney terhadap kadar hormon testosteron total dalam kelompok perlakuan menunjukkan terjadi penurunan kadar hormon testosteron total pada KP3 dibandingkan kontrolnya Melalui uji Kruskal Wallis tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna kadar hormon testosteron total antar kelompok perlakuan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa asap rokok kretek dapat menghambat proses spermatogenesis.

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The Alteration in the Distribution of Seminwerous Epithelial Stages, the Reduction of the Number Of Spermatogenic Cells and Total Concentration of Testosterone Hormone in Mice (Musmusculus L.) Strain Ddy Exposed to Kretek SmokeObjectives: kretek smoke, especially sidestream inhaled by passive smokers, can affect the process of spermatogenesis, the quality of semen and the alteration in testosterone concentration. The effects of kretek smoke mentioned occur in two mechanisms. The first mechanism in that the component in kretek smoke (cadmium and nikel) can disturb the activity of adenylciclase enzyme on the membrane of Leydig cells. The disturbance leads the blocking of testosterone synthesis. The second mechanism is that nicotine in kretek smoke will stimulate adrenal medulla to release cathecolamine which can affect central nervous system, which in turn disturb the process of spermatogenesis and the secretion of androgen hormone through the feedback mechanism of hypothalamus-anterior hypofisis -- testis. The disturbance in the process of spermatogenesis is also through to be related with the concentration of free radicals contained in kretek smoke and damages of testicular blood barier. The aim of this study is to quantitavely assess the development of germinal cells and the frequency of distribution of testicular seminiferous ephitelial stages of mice after the exposure to kretek smoke for 30 days, 45 days and 60 days, also to investigate the presence of any alteration in total concentration of testosterone after exposure to kretek smoke. Methods:This study uses 36 male mice (Mus musculus L.) strain DDY which are grouped into 6 study groups: control group I (KKP 1); KKP2 and KKP3 that serve as control for study group 1 (KP 1); KP2 and KP3 which are exposed to kretek smoke for respectively 30 days, 45 days and 60 days in a smoking box, for 90 minutes each day. In the 31"; 46" and 61", the testes of mice used in study are isolated and mice blood plasma is obtained from cardiac aorta. Histological preparation of the testes are then made using the paraffin method. Parameter assessed are the number of spermatogenic cells at stages V, VII and XII, the frequency of the distribution of seminiferous ephitelial stages, total concentration of testosterone, the weight of testes and the diameter of seminiferous tubules. Result and conclusion: The result of parametric ANAVA (a= 0,05) shows that there is significant difference (p < 0,05) or there alteration on the number of spermatogenic cells (KP2 and KP3) , the frequency of the distribution of seminiferous ephitelial stages (KP3), the weight of testes (KP2 and KP3) and the diameter of seminiferous tubules (KP3).

Mann- Whitney test done the total concentration of testosterone in the study groups shows the reduction of testosterone in KP3 compared to its control. Non parametric Kruskal Wallis test shows that there is no significance difference of the total concentration of testosterone between study groups. The study found that the exposure to kretek smoke can block the process of spermatogenesis."

"Penyakit diabetes melitus (DM) meningkatkan produksi reactive oxygen species yang meyebabkan peningkatan stres oksidatif. Stres oksidatif menyebabkan fragmentasi DNA dan apoptosis sel-sel dalam testis sehingga terjadi komplikasi berupa infertilitas. Daun jati diketahui mengandung metabolit aktif dengan aktivitas antihiperglikemik dan antioksidan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengamati pengaruh ekstrak etanol daun jati terhadap organ testis. Sampel yang digunakan adalah tikus jantan Wistar yang diinduksi DM dengan Streptozotocin (STZ). Sampel terbagi menjadi kelompok normal, kontrol positif, kontrol negatif, dan tiga kelompok perlakuan dengan dosis 200mg/kgBB, 400mg/kgBB, dan 800mg/kgBB. Dilakukan pengamatan terhadap preparat jaringan testis untuk mengukur diameter tubulus seminiferus, jumlah sel Sertoli, dan sel Leydig. Kelompok kontrol negatif memiliki perbedaan signifikan dibandingkan kelompok normal pada diameter tubulus seminiferus (p = 0,002) dan jumlah sel Sertoli (p = 0,028). Pemberian ekstrak etanol daun jati 800mg/kgBB menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan pada diameter tubulus seminiferus dibandingkan kelompok kontrol negatif (p = 0,005). Tikus DM memiliki diameter tubulus seminiferus, jumlah sel Sertoli, dan jumlah sel Leydig yang lebih rendah dibandingkan tikus tanpa DM. Pemberian ekstrak etanol daun jati pada seluruh kelompok dosis menunjukkan perbaikan diameter tubulus seminiferus, jumlah sel Sertoli, dan sel Leydig pada tikus DM.

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Diabetes mellitus increases reactive oxygen species production which in turn results in increase of oxidative stress. Fragmentation of DNA and apoptosis of testicular cells caused by oxidative stress leads to infertility. Teak leaves are known to contain active metabolites with antihyperglycemic and antioxidant activities. This study aims to observe the effect of ethanol extract of teak leaves on the testicles. The samples used in this study are STZ-induced male Wistar rats. Samples are divided to positive control group, negative control group, and three trial groups with dosage of 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg, and 800mg/kg. Testicular tissue was observed to measure diameter of seminiferous tubules and amount of Sertoli and Leydig cells. Negative control group showed significantly lower seminiferous tubules diameter (p = 0,002) and Sertoli cells count (p = 0,028) compared to normal group. Ethanol extract of teak leaves with dose of 800mg/kg showed significant difference in seminiferous tubules diameter compared to negative control group (p = 0,005). Diabetic rats have lower seminiferous tubules diameter, Sertoli cell count, and Leydig cell count compared to non-diabetic rats. Administration of teak leaves ethanol extract from each dosage group improve seminiferous tubules diameter, Sertoli cell count, and Leydig cell count in diabetic rats."

"Kuda laut (Hippocampus comes L.) telah digunakan sebagai Jamu di Indonesia yang diduga memiliki efek afrodisiak. Hal ini dilaporkan dalam studi ekstrak kuda laut (EKL) dapat meningkatkan sel spermatogonia, spermatosit, spermatid dan sel Leydig pada mencit. Penggunaan Depo-medroksiprogesteron asetat (DMPA) dapat menginhibisi poros hipotalamus-hipofisis-testis dalam menurukan testosteron selama 12 minggu. Hal ini menyebabkan spermatogenesis terganggu dan apoptosis sel spermatogenik meningkat. Kemampuan EKL saat ini belum banyak diteliti terkait pengaruhnya pada kajian histologi testikuler terutama populasi sel-sel spermatogenik dan sel Leydig serta apoptosis sel setelah induksi DMPA. Tiga puluh tikus jantan SD diinduksi DMPA 1,25 mg/kgBB pada minggu ke-0 dan 12, kemudian dikelompokkan akuades (K1), CMC 1% (K2), dosis ekstrak 150 mg/kgBB (K3), 225 mg/kgBB (K4) dan 300 mg/kgBB (K5) yang di cekok minggu ke-7 sampai ke-18. Selanjutnya testis diisolasi dan dilakukan pembuatan preparat hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) dan immunohistokimia (IHK) ekspresi Fas L. Sel-sel dihitung manual pada mikroskop dan menentukan IHK-skor. Analisis data dengan uji ANOVA dan Kruskall-Wallis. Dosis EKL 150 dan 225 mg/kgBB secara bermakna (p<0,05) meningkatkan populasi sel-sel spermatogenik dan sel Leydig serta menurunkan apoptosis sel dalam ekspresi Fas L selama 18 minggu sehingga dosis tersebut berpotensi dalam meningkatkan fungsi testikuler reproduksi tikus jantan setelah induksi DMPA.

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The seahorse (Hippocampus comes L.) had been used as ‘Jammu’ which probably have powerful aphrodisiac pharmacological activities. Depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) is a contraceptive drug that can inhibit the hypothalamic-pituitary-testis axis to reduce testosterone levels and could increase cell apoptosis for 12 weeks. In addition to improving testosterone levels, studies in mice reported that seahorse extract (SE) could increase spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids, and Leydig cells, but limited studies are reporting the effects of SE in that population and apoptosis of cells in DMPA induced rats. Thirty male SD rats were induced with DMPA 1,25 mg/kgBW at weeks 0 and 12. Animals were randomly grouped by: aquadest (G1), CMC 1% (G2), SE dose 150 mg/kg BW (G3), SE dose 225 mg/kg bb (G4), SE 300 mg/kg BW (G5), gavage every day at 7-18 weeks. After that, the testis was obtained, and the tissue slide was processed with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and observed by immunohistochemistry. Data was collected by manually counting cells and determining H-score and analysed using one-way ANOVA and Kruskall-Wallis test. The reported dose of SE 150 and 225 mg/kg BW significantly increase spermatogenic cells and Leydig cells population also decrease cell apoptosis of Fas L expression, by means potentially increased testicular function in rats after DMPA induction.

 

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