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Abstrak :
ABSTRACT scope and methods of research: An effective contraception is now being searched to improve family plan naming, Concerning with this, levamisole is one alternate as contraception. Levamisole is an anathematic, which can male spermatozoa immotile in vitro within 2 minutes, by damaging the seminal diamine oxidase. Levamisole is quickly absorbed from digestive system when administered orally, its muscular and subcutan injection and is quickly distributed widely to all body tissues and the liquid in the body levamisole is possibly discovered in plasma semen since there is a similarity of troop bundle with nitro imidazole. TO discover the influence, it has been observed in a research of a male mouse strain AJ with the dose 03 mg, 1.0 mg, 15 mg, 2.0 mg, 2.5 mg given orally daily for 46 days. The males are then crossed with fertile females, the males than to be sacrificed for research: such as testicular histological, percentage of motile spermatozoa and the percentage of abnormal spermatozoa. Result and conclusion: Administering levamisole in daily doses 03 mg, 1.0 mg, 1.5 mg, 2.0 mg, 25 mg produces no significant changes (p > 0.05) in the spermatogonium A, primary pakhitene spermatocyt cell and number born per litters. It also doesn't indicate the decrease of motile spermatozoa percentage, the weight of testis, diameter of seminiferous tubules and the body weight. Percentage of abnormal spermatozoa however shows significant increases at daily doses 1.0 mg compared with control groups (p r 0.05). It can be concluded that doses of levamisole given orally for 46 days has no effect on the mouse's fertility.

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ABSTRAK Ruang Lingkup dan Cara penelitian: Kontrasepsi yang efektif bagi pria saat ini sedang dicari dalam meningkatkan keluarga Berencana. Sehubungan dengan hal tersebut, levamisol merupakan alternatif sebagai alat kontrasepsi. Levamisol merupakan antelmintik yang dapat membuat spermatozoa imotil secara in vitro dalam jangka waktu 2 menit, karena menggangu diamine oksidase seminal. Levamisol segera diabsorpsi dari saluran cerna pada pemberian per oral, pemberian intramuskular dan injeksi subkutan serta segera didistribusi luas pada semua jaringan dan cairan tubuh. Adanya kesamaan gugus levamisol dengan nitroimidazol, besar kemungkinan ditemukan levamisol dalam plasma semen. Untuk mengetahui pengaruh tersebut telah dilakukan penelitian pada mencit jantan strain AJ dengan dosis: 0,5 mg, 1,0 mg, 1,5 mg, 2,0 mg dan. 2,5 mg/hari selama 46 hari. Selanjutnya mencit jantan dikawinkan dengan mencit betina fertil, kemudian mencit jantan dikorbankan guna pemeriksaan: gambaran histologi testis, persentase spermatozoa motil dan persentase spermatozoa abnormal. Hasil dan Kesimpulan: Pemberian levamisol dengan dosis: 0,5 mg, 1,0 mg, 1,5 mg, 2,0 mg dan 2,5 mg/hari tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang nyata p > 0,05 pada: jumlah spermatogonium A, jumlah sel spermatosit primer pakiten, persentase spermatozoa motif, jumlah anak, berat testis, diameter tubulus seminiferous dan berat badan. Persentase spermatozoa abnormal menunjukkan hasil signifikan p < 0,05 pada dosis 1,0 mg/hari. Dari penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemberian levamisol oral selama 46 hari tidak berpengaruh terhadap kesuburan mencit jantan.;Ruang Lingkup dan Cara penelitian: Kontrasepsi yang efektif bagi pria saat ini sedang dicari dalam meningkatkan keluarga Berencana. Sehubungan dengan hal tersebut, levamisol merupakan alternatif sebagai alat kontrasepsi. Levamisol merupakan antelmintik yang dapat membuat spermatozoa imotil secara in vitro dalam jangka waktu 2 menit, karena menggangu diamine oksidase seminal. Levamisol segera diabsorpsi dari saluran cerna pada pemberian per oral, pemberian intramuskular dan injeksi subkutan serta segera didistribusi luas pada semua jaringan dan cairan tubuh. Adanya kesamaan gugus levamisol dengan nitroimidazol, besar kemungkinan ditemukan levamisol dalam plasma semen. Untuk mengetahui pengaruh tersebut telah dilakukan penelitian pada mencit jantan strain AJ dengan dosis: 0,5 mg, 1,0 mg, 1,5 mg, 2,0 mg dan. 2,5 mg/hari selama 46 hari. Selanjutnya mencit jantan dikawinkan dengan mencit betina fertil, kemudian mencit jantan dikorbankan guna pemeriksaan: gambaran histologi testis, persentase spermatozoa motil dan persentase spermatozoa abnormal. Hasil dan Kesimpulan: Pemberian levamisol dengan dosis: 0,5 mg, 1,0 mg, 1,5 mg, 2,0 mg dan 2,5 mg/hari tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang nyata p > 0,05 pada: jumlah spermatogonium A, jumlah sel spermatosit primer pakiten, persentase spermatozoa motif, jumlah anak, berat testis, diameter tubulus seminiferous dan berat badan. Persentase spermatozoa abnormal menunjukkan hasil signifikan p < 0,05 pada dosis 1,0 mg/hari. Dari penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemberian levamisol oral selama 46 hari tidak berpengaruh terhadap kesuburan mencit jantan.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Ekstrak etanol umbi sarang semut Myrmecodia pendens dan Myrmecodia tuberosa telah diteliti memberikan efek imunostimulan, namun jenis yang banyak dipasarkan adalah Myrmecodia archboldiana Merr. & L.M. Perry. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah umbi sarang semut jenis Myrmecodia archboldiana juga memberikan efek imunostimulan. Penelitian ini menggunakan tikus jantan galur Sprague-Dawley berumur 3 bulan sebanyak 25 ekor dan dibagi secara acak menjadi 5 kelompok; kelompok kontrol negatif diberikan larutan koloidal CMC 0,5%, kelompok kontrol positif diberikan levamisol hidroklorida 10 mg/200 g bb, kelompok dosis I, II, dan III masing-masing diberikan ekstrak etanol umbi sarang semut 0,1962, 0,3924 dan 0,7848 g/200 g bb. Masing-masing kelompok diberikan bahan uji secara oral selama 14 hari. Pada hari ke-8, setiap tikus disuntikkan sel darah merah domba (SDMD) 5% secara intraperitoneal. Pada hari ke-15, setiap tikus diberikan SDMD 5% secara subplantar untuk uji hipersensitivitas tipe lambat, selain itu dihitung jumlah leukosit, limfosit, dan granulosit, dan bobot relatif limpa. Ekstrak etanol Myrmecodia archboldiana dosis 0,1962 g/200 g bb memiliki aktivitas imunostimulan berdasarkan peningkatan volume kaki jam ke-2 setara dengan levamisol hidroklorida pada uji hipersensitivitas tipe lambat, namun tidak meningkatkan jumlah leukosit, limfosit, granulosit dan bobot relatif limpa.

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ABSTRACT
Ethanolic extracts of sarang semut tubers Myrmecodia pendens and Myrmecodia tuberosa had been research have immunostimulant?s effect, but Myrmecodia archboldiana Merr. & L.M. Perry is more commercially. The aims of this study was to determine immunostimulatory effects of Myrmecodia archboldiana. This study used 3-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats with 25 rat and divided into 5 groups. Group negative control given colloidal solution CMC 0,5%, group positive control given levamisol hydrochloride 10 mg/200 g body weight (bw), group dose I, II, and III are given the ethanolic extract of Myrmecodia archboldiana at doses of 0,1962, 0,3924 and 0,7848 g/200 g bw. They were th administrated orally for 14 days. On day 8, every rat injected 5% sheep red blood th cells (SRBC) by intraperitoneal. On the 15day, each rat was given 5% SRBC by subplantar for delayed type hypersensitivity test and the number of leukocytes, lymphocytes, granulocytes, and relative spleen weights was calculated. Ethanolic extract of Myrmecodia archboldiana at dose 0,1962 gram/200 g bw has immunostimulant activity by increase in paw volume on hour-2 equivalent with levamisole hydrochloride on delayed type hypersensitivity test, but did not increase the number of leukocytes, lymphocytes, granulocytes and relative spleen weights.

Abstrak :
ABSTRACT
Levamisole is used as an anthelminthic; it is effective in the treatment of Ascaris suum infection, and it is considered to paralysethe Ascaris' muscle by inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase, so the muscle is deficient in ATP. There are similarities in the contraction system of the muscle of Ascaris and the contractile system of the spermatozoa. Thus, the effect of Levamisole on the quality of human spermatozoa in vitro was studied at dosages of 2.3 no, 4.5 mg, 6.8 mg, 7.3 mg, 8.2 mg and 9.1 mg per ml of semen. The quality of spermatozoa includes motility, integrity of the plasma membrane and viability. It was ascertained to be within the required percentage. The spermatozoa was examined to see whether Levamisole could render all of them immotile within a period of 2 minutes or Less, and if they become immotile, whether Levamisole has the capacity of destroying the integrity of the plasma membrane. It was also deter-mined if the immotile spermatozoa were all nonviable. The integrity of the plasma membrane was examined by HOS test, and sperm viability was determined by eosin Y test. Human semen {43 samples) used for this study were be fertile as stipulated. by WHO and Farris. It was observed that Levamisole at the Lowest dosage (2.3 mg/ml semen) was able to reduce sperm motility; the higher the Level, the greater the effect, and at a dosage of 9.1 mglml, all the spermatozoa become immotile within less than 2 minutes. ALL the spermatozoa that become immotile Loss the integrity of the plasma membrane. In addition, the spermatozoa that had become immotile, after being washed and tested with eosin Y, were revealed to be nonviable.;A close study about the effects of the addition of zirconium (Zr) and lanthanum (La) metals on the condutivity and heat resistance of commercial purity aluminium has been carried out on the three kinds of aluminium samples consisting of commercial purity aluminium (Sample A), aluminium with the addition of Zr (Sample B), as well as aluminium with the addition of 0.04 wt % Zr and La (SampleC). The samples were made by casting and rolling processes to form a-3.52 mm wire in diameter. The electrical conductivity of the aluminium samples was determined by measuring the resistivity employing Kelvin double bridge instrument. The heat resistance properties were obtained by measuring their strength before and after heating the sample for one hour at various temperatures, and by measuring their DSC curves. To elucidate the effect of the addition of Zr and La to the properties of aluminium, their microstructures were also observed by the optical as well as electron microscopes and their lattice parameters were confirmed by X-ray diffraction. The results shows that the addition of 0.04 wt.% Zr increased the heat resistance of aluminium from 85.1% to 91.0 %, however it reduces their electrical conductivity from 61.78 % IACS (International Annealed Copper Standard) to 60.07 % IACS. By the addition of La into aluminium containing 0.04 % wt. %Zr, the electrical conductivity of the Sample B can be increased from 60.07 IACS to 60.80 %IACS. There is a strong indication that the increase of the heat resistance was caused by grain refinement and the second phase formation in the aluminium, whereas the increase in the electrical conductivity of aluminium was caused by a decrease in the solid solubility of impurities in the aluminium due to the addition of lanthanum elements. Based on the data from such study, the optimum heat resistance and electrical conductivity were obtainable by the addition of 0.04 wt. °A Zr and 0.13 wt. % La.