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"The protection of intellectual property rughts in developing countries has been problematic since the genesis of the international system in the nineteenth century. From the moment a select group of European countries concluded a multilateral agreement for the protection of industrial property in 1883, non- Western societies, principally in Africa and Asia, were swept under the aegis of the international intellectual property system through the agency of colonial rule. "

"Comparative studies can reveal much about how law is formed out of social reality and political power by exploring these interactions in different national contexts. In this work Mauricio García-Villegas compares ideas about law and society in France and the United States, demonstrating different approaches to sociopolitical legal studies. Using the interdisciplinary tools of the sociology of law, critical legal theory, and sociolegal studies, García-Villegas builds up an insightful overview of what constitutes law and society theory and practice in France and the United States. He brings together diverse perspectives and practices that generally do not communicate well with one another, as is often the case between the critical theory of law of jurists and the legal sociology of sociologists. This study will allow readers to understand the sociology of law in a comparative perspective and sets out a new research agenda for the field of sociopolitical legal studies."

"Pada tanggal 17 September 2021, Australia, Inggris dan Amerika Serikat menandatangani perjanjian AUKUS yang meletigimasi kepemilikan dan pengembangan kapal selam bertenaga nuklir oleh Australia. Hal ini berimplikasi langsung pada Indonesia yang memiliki kedudukan strategis sebagai jalur perdagangan. Menanggapi hal tersebut, Indonesia telah melaksanakan beberapa langkah politik di tingkat regional maupun di forum multilateral. Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk menganalisa langkah hukum yang dapat ditempuh Indonesia untuk meregulasi navigasi dan keselamatan kapal selam bertenaga nuklir mengingat instrumen hukum laut internasional belum mengakomodasi hal tersebut. Melalui pendekatan hukum normatif, dengan menggunakan teori Critical Legal Studies dan Konsep Politik Hukum, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa Indonesia perlu meregulasi ketentuan navigasi dan keselamatan kapal selam bertenaga nuklir di tingkat nasional.

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On 17th of September 2021, Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States signed the AUKUS agreement which legitimises Australia's ownership and development of nuclear powered submarines. This has direct implications for Indonesia, which has a strategic position as a trade route. In response to this, Indonesia has carried out several political steps at the regional level as well as in multilateral forums This research is intended to analyse legal steps that can be taken by Indonesia to regulate the navigation and safety of nuclear-powered submarines considering that international maritime law instruments do not accommodate the concern. Through a normative legal approach, using the theory of Critical Legal Studies and the Concept of Legal Politics, this research finds that Indonesia needs to regulate provisions for the navigation and safety of nuclear-powered submarines at the national level."

"Formalisme hukum yang kering terhadap rasa keadilan, demi logika peraturan harus dikaji secara filosofis. Hans Kelsen seorang filsuf penganut formalisme hukum dalam teori hukum murninya menyatakan bahwa hukum seharusnya hanya terdiri dari norma-norma hukum dengan memisahkan materi dan bentuk, setelah menjadi positif, hukum harus dipahami hanya sebagai hukum dan teori hukum fokus pada normatif dan positif. Critical Legal Studies menempatkan hukum dalam konteks sosial, dengan menolak pandangan formalisme yang mengisolasi hukum dari faktor seperti politik, ekonomi, psikologi, dan moral dan menerapkan kritik terhadap ketidaknetralan dan tendensi politis dalam praktik hukum. Metode penelitian dipakai adalah kritik paradigma kritis dari critical legal studies. Teori hukum murni, buku pure theory of law Hans Kelsen dan buku-buku filsafat dan hukum terkait. Tujuannya adalah untuk melihat relevansi teori hukum murni dengan keadaan hukum pidana di Indonesia. Pembahasannya mencakup narasi hukum dan kritikan di Indonesia terkait Hans Kelsen, dengan tujuan membandingkan dan menguraikan keyakinannya. Penelitiannya menggunakan beberapa pemikiran sebagai kerangka analisis dan teoritis. Saya menggunakan kerangka teori untuk membahas relevansi teori hukum murni, terutama dengan pemikiran Hans Kelsen, terhadap hukum pidana Indonesia. yakni teori hukum positif umum. Ini mencakup aspek etika, politik, sosiologi, antropologi, psikologi, dan ekonomi. Kelsen: Mempengaruhi pembuatan hukum, tetapi hanya hukum positif yang dianggap sebagai hukum. Critical Legal Studies menolak pandangan normatif dan formalisme dalam undang-undang karena sebenarnya memiliki nilai kepentingan dari si pembuat. Critical Legal Studies faktor non- hukum yang mempengaruhi hukum untuk legislasi. Hukum tidak netral dan doktrin hukum tidak cukup untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan dalam konteks sosial-politik dan hukum pidana Indonesia harus fokus pada nilai-nilai keadilan,dan demokrasi.

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The dry legal formalism against the sense of justice, for the sake of the logic of the regulation, must be studied philosophically. Hans Kelsen, a philosopher who adheres to legal formalism in his pure legal theory, stated that law should consist only of legal norms by separating matter and form, after becoming positive, law should be understood only as law and legal theory focuses on normative and positive. Critical Legal Studies places law in a social context, by rejecting the formalist view that isolates law from factors such as politics, economics, psychology and morals and applying criticism of non- neutrality and political tendencies in legal practice. The research method used is critical paradigm criticism from Critical Legal Studies. Pure theory of law, Hans Kelsen's pure theory of law book and related philosophy and law books. The aim is to see the relevance of pure theory of law to the state of criminal law in Indonesia. The discussion includes legal narratives and criticism in Indonesia regarding Hans Kelsen, with the aim of comparing and explaining his beliefs. His research uses several ideas as an analytical and theoretical framework. I use a theoretical framework to discuss the relevance of pure theory of law, especially Hans Kelsen's thinking, to Indonesian criminal law. namely general positive law theory. It covers aspects of ethics, politics, sociology, anthropology, psychology, and economics. Kelsen: Influences lawmaking, but only positive law is considered law. Critical Legal Studies rejects normative views and formalism in laws because they actually value the interests of the maker. Critical Legal Studies non-legal factors that influence law for legislation. The law is not neutral and legal doctrine is not sufficient to resolve problems in a socio-political context. Criticism of Kelsen's legal theory of Indonesian criminal law must focus on the values of justice and democracy."