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Abstrak :
Summary: Presents a study of the principal negotiating processes and law-making tools by which international law is developed. This book looks at the UN, other international organisations, diplomatic conferences, codification bodies, NGOs, and courts in identifying the processes, participants and instruments employed in the making of international law

Abstrak :
According to jimly asshidiqie, chef justice of constitutional court, 2003 - 2008, there are no provision in the 1945 constitution of Republic Indonesia how to settle dispute over the power of state institutions whose authorities are mandated by 1945 constitution of Republic Indonesia.

Abstrak :
n this fourth volume of the Legalism series, ownership is defined as the simple fact of being able to describe something as 'mine' or 'yours', and property is distinguished as the discursive field which allows the articulation of attendant rights, relationships, and obligations. Property is often articulated through legalism as a way of thinking that appeals to rules and to generalizing concepts as a way of understanding, responding to, and managing the world around one. An Aristotelian perspective suggests that ownership is the natural state of things and a prerequisite of a true sense of self. An alternative perspective from legal theory puts law at the heart of the origins of property. However, both these points of view are problematic in a wider context, the latter because it rests heavily on Roman law. Anthropological and historical studies enable us to interrogate these assumptions. The articles here, ranging from Roman provinces to modern-day piracy in Somalia, address questions such as: How are legal property regimes intertwined with economic, moral-ethical, and political prerogatives? How far do the assumptions of the western philosophical tradition explain property and ownership in other societies? Is the 'bundle of rights' a useful way to think about property? How does legalism negotiate property relationships and interests between communities and individuals? How does the legalism of property respond to the temporalities and materialities of the objects owned? How are property regimes managed by states, and what kinds of conflicts are thus generated?

Abstrak :
Kewenangan Presiden dalam pembentukan undang-undang di Indonesia utamanya dalam proses pembahasan dan pemberian persetujuan terhadap pembahasan RUU bahwasanya telah menyimpangi sistem presidensial dan dapat menjadi problematika. Tesis ini hendak menjawab permasalahan yaitu mengenai kewenangan Presiden dalam pembentukan undang-undang serta konsep rekonstruksi yang ideal terhadap kewenangan Presiden dalam pembentukan undang-undang di Indonesia. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode yuridis normatif yang dilengkapi dengan perbandingan 20 negara. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa Presiden di Indonesia memiliki kewenangan yang begitu besar dalam pembentukan undang-undang. Presiden terlibat dalam seluruh proses pembentukan undang-undang mulai dari tahap perencanaan hingga pengesahan RUU, bahkan adanya ketentuan dalam Pasal 20 ayat (2) dan ayat (3) UUD NRI 1945 telah menjadikan Presiden dapat mengontrol agenda legislasi. Besarnya kewenangan Presiden tersebut tidak sesuai dengan tujuan penguatan sistem presidensial di Indonesia. Adapun gagasan rekonstruksi yang dapat diberikan adalah dengan membatasi kewenangan Presiden dalam pembentukan undang-undang dengan tidak melibatkan Presiden dalam proses pembahasan, melainkan memperkuat posisi DPD dalam pembentukan undang-undang. Selanjutnya, dalam hal persetujuan RUU, Presiden seharusnya diberikan hak veto untuk menolak RUU yang diajukan parlemen sebagai bentuk checks and balances. Dalam bidang pengesahan RUU, gagasan rekonstruksi yang dapat dilakukan adalah dengan memberi kewajiban bagi Presiden untuk mengesahkan setiap RUU yang telah disetujui oleh dua per tiga anggota DPR dan DPD. Adapun dalam hal Presiden tidak mengesahkan RUU, maka hal ini dapat dilakukan oleh Ketua DPR. Saran yang dapat diberikan berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini adalah dengan melakukan perubahan UUD NRI 1945 dengan mengubah pasal terkait kewenangan Presiden dan DPD dalam pembentukan undang-undang ......The authority of the President in the law making process in Indonesia expecially in the process of deliberating and granting approval for the deliberation of the Bill that it has deviated from the presidential system and could become problematic. This thesis intends to answer the problem regarding the authority of the President in forming laws and the concept of ideal reconstruction of the President's authority in the formation of laws in Indonesia. The method used in this study is a normative juridical method with a comparison of 20 countries. The research results show that the President in Indonesia has enormous authority in the law making process. The President is involved in the entire process of constituting legislation starting from the planning stage to the ratification of the Bill, even the provisions in Article 20 paragraph (2) and paragraph (3) of the Constitution have enabled the President to control the legislative agenda. The amount of authority of the President is not in accordance with the goal of strengthening the presidential system in Indonesia. The idea of reconstruction that could be given is to limit the President's authority in the law making process by not involving the President in the deliberation process, but rather strengthening the DPD's position in the law making process. Furthermore, in terms of the approval of the bill, the President should be given veto power to reject the bill proposed by the parliament as a form of checks and balances. In the field of bill ratification, the idea of reconstruction that can be carried out is by giving the President the obligation to pass every bill that has been approved by two thirds of the members of the DPR and DPD. As for the President does not pass a bill, this can be done by the Speaker of the DPR. Suggestions that can be given based on the results of this research are to make changes to the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia by changing articles related to the authority of the President and DPD in the formation of laws

Abstrak :
Esensi Demokrasi adalah kebebasan berbicara dan partisipasi masyarakat dalam setiap kebijakan publik. Aspirasi masyarakat sebagai figur sentral demokrasi harus diserap oleh Negara dalam proses pembentukan undang-undang. Karakter responsif pada proses pembentukan undang-undang belum dapat diwujudkan di Indonesia karena partisipasi masyarakat belum dapat dilaksanakan secara maksimal dan lebih dari itu kompromi-kompromi politik masih ada. Lebih dari pada itu, karakter responsif pada proses pembentukan undang-undang tidak hanya bergantung pada konfigurasi politik yang demokratis namun membutuhkan partisipasi masyarakat secara intensif dan luas. Sama seperti undang-undang sebelumnya, yaitu Undang-undang nomor 8 tahun 1985 tentang Organisasi Kemasyarakatan, Undang-undang No.17 tahun 2013 tentang Organisasi Kemasyarakatan masih mempunyai sifat yang represif dan ortodok karena Undang-undang No.17 tahun 2013 tentang Organisasi Kemasyarakatan belum mengedepankan karakter responsif yang menampung dan menyerap aspirasi masyarakat dalam proses pembentukannya walaupun proses pembentukan undang-undang tersebut telah memenuhi standar ketentuan partisipasi masyarakat. ...... The essence of Democracy is freedom of speech and public participation in any public policy. As the central figure of democracy, the aspiration of citizen shall be absorbed by the country ragarding in law making process. The responsive character in law making process could not yet be fully implemented in Indonesia due to public participation has not been fully performed and the existence of political compromises. Moreover, the responsive character in law making process shall not only depend on democratic political configuration but also intensively and widely public participation. Same as the previous law, which is Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 8 of 1985 on Community Organization, Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 17 of 2013 on Community Organization still has repressive and orthodox characteristic due to it does not put the priority on the responsive character by accomodating and absorbing the public's aspiration on its law making process despite of the law making process on Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 17 of 2013 on Community Organization has already complied with the standard requirement of public participation.

Abstrak :
Rakyat sering kali tidak diuntungkan karena pembentukan suatu undang-undang. Beberapa peristiwa seperti keributan pembentukan Undang-Undang Cipta Kerja, pelemahan KPK melalui pengubahan Undang-Undang Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi, sampai pada pembentukan Undang-Undang Ibu Kota Negara menjadi kabar buruk yang tidak dikehendaki oleh rakyat. Semua itu tercipta karena rakyat tidak memiliki sarana atau porsi lebih dalam pembentukan suatu undang-undang. Menanggulangi hal tersebut sistem referendum dapat menjadi salah satu opsi solusi. Referendum yang dimaksud adalah pemberian persetujuan oleh rakyat terhadap pembentukan suatu undang-undang. Melalui jajak mendapat rakyat memberikan jawaban iya (menyetujui) atau tidak (menolak) undang-undang yang telah dibentuk atas persetujuan bersama DPR dengan Presiden. Contoh paling memukau dari pelaksana referendum dengan jenis itu adalah negara Selandia Baru dan Swiss. Baik secara tradisi kenegaraan maupun kebudayaan kedua negara itu sudah mapan menggunakan referendum dalam kurun waktu sampai ratusan tahun. Bercermin dari kedua negara itu, referendum sebagai sarana persetujuan rakyat dalam pembentukan undang-undang di Indonesia bukanlah sesuatu hal yang mustahil bahkan menjadi suatu rekomendasi yang harus dipertimbangkan. ......People often do not benefit from law-making processes. Several events, such as the commotion over the law-making process of the Job Creation Law, the weakening of the KPK through the amendment of the Corruption Eradication Commission Law, to the establishment of the State Capital Law, became bad news that the people did not want. All this was created because the people did not have the means or more portion in the law-making processes. To overcome this, the referendum system can be one solution option. The referendum in question is giving approval by the people to the law-making process. Through the ballot, the people gave the answer yes (approved) or no (rejected) to the law that had been formed with the joint approval of the DPR and the President. The most striking examples of implementing this type of referendum are New Zealand and Switzerland. Both the state and cultural traditions of the two countries have been well established using referendums for hundreds of years. Reflecting on the two countries, a referendum as a means of people's approval in the law-making process in Indonesia is not something that is impossible and even becomes a recommendation that must be considered.