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Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Penentuan nilai tekanan pori merupakan salah satu tahapan yang perlu dilakukan dalam suatu kegiatan eksplorasi minyak dan gas bumi pada suatu lapangan hidrokarbon. Nilai tekanan pori dapat digunakan untuk mengetahui seberapa aman proses eksplorasi yang berlangsung pada lapangan tersebut dengan mengetahui apakah terdapat kondisi overpressure di bawah permukaan. Dengan mengetahui hal tersebut maka dapat dilakukan pencegahan terhadap masalah pengeboran seperti loss, kick, atau blowout. Untuk itu perlu dilakukan analisis nilai tekanan pori. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan perhitungan tekanan pori dengan menggunakan Metode Eaton dan Metode Kompresibilitas berdasarkan data wireline logging pada Lapangan X Cekungan Sunda. Metode tersebut diterapkan pada litologi yang berbeda, dimana untuk litologi shale digunakan Metode Eaton dan litologi karbonat digunakan Metode Kompresibilitas. Sebelum melakukan perhitungan tekanan pori, dilakukan analisis petrofisika untuk mendapatkan parameter input yang diperlukan serta perhitungan tekanan overburden dan teknanan hidrostatik dengan data log densitas. Pada penelitian ini juga dilakukan perhitungan tekanan rekah menggunakan Metode Eaton yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah mud-weight yang digunakan dalam eksplorasi sudah tepat atau tidak. Nilai tekanan pori yang didapatkan dengan menggunakan Metode Eaton dihitung berdasarkan nilai Normal Compaction Trend (NCT) Sonik sedangkan perhitungan pada metode kompresibilitas dilakukan dengan mencari nilai kompresibilitas bulk dan kompresibilitas pori terlebih dahulu. Metode Kompresibilitas yang digunakan pada penelitian ini ada dua, yaitu metode Kompresibiltias Atashbari dan metode Kompresibilitas Azadpour. Hasil perhitungan tekanan tersebut kemudian dikalibrasikan dengan data pengukuran tekanan langsung (DST) yang tersedia pada tiap sumur penelitian. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan dapat dilihat bahwa metode Kompresibilitas Azadpour menunjukkan hasil yang lebih baik untuk perhitungan tekanan pori di litologi karbonat. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara umum nilai tekanan pori di sumur penelitian berada pada nilai yang cukup aman, dimana secara keseluruhan nilai tekanan pori berada di bawah mud-weight yang digunakan sehingga tidak menimbulkan fenomena kick yang membahayakan kegiatan eksplorasi.

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ABSTRACT
Pore pressure determination is an important step that is needed to be done on an oil and gas exploration process in a hydrocarbon field. Pore pressure value can be used to determine whether the field is safe enough to do exploration by knowing if there is any overpressure condition below the surface. By knowing pore pressure value, we can do prevention towards drilling problem such as loss, kick, or blowout. For that reason, pore pressure analysis needs to be done. In this research, pore pressure value is calculated using Eatons Method and Compressibility Method based on wireline logging data in Field X Sunda Basin. Both methods are applied for different lithologies, in which for shale rock Eatons Method is used, while Compressibility Method is used for carbonate rock. Before calculating pore pressure, first petrophysics analysis is done to get input parameter that is needed, and then overburden stress and hydrostatic pressure is calculated using density log. In this research fracture pressure is also calculated using Eatons Method to find out whether mud-weight that is used in the exploration step is appropriate. Pore pressure value from Eatons Method is calculated based on Sonic Normal Compaction Trend (NCT) value while the calculation on Compressibility Method is done by finding bulk compressibility and pore compressibility first, there are two different Compressibility methods that is used in this research, that is Atashbari Compressibility method and Azadpour Compressibility method. The result of pore pressure calculation is then calibrated using direct pressure measurements from DST data that is available on the research well. Based on the results of calculation, Azadpour Compressibility method shows a better result in calculating pore pressure in carbonate lithology. The results of the study show that in general pore pressure value in the research well were at a safe value, where in general the pore pressure were below mud-weight value that is used on the well so it did not cause any kick phenomena that is dangerous during exploration activity.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Kandungan hidrokarbon dan pengotor yang berada dalam gas alam memiliki kontribusi dalam sifat termodinamikanya sendiri sehingga dibutuhkan perkiraan perhitungan yang akurat untuk mengoptimalkan eksploitasi sumur gas. Dalam hal ini, peranan faktor kompresibilitas sangat penting dalam perhitungan teknik reservoir seperti gas metering, gas compression, desain pipa gas, dan surface facility. Selain itu, faktor kompresibilitas diperlukan untuk perhitungan laju alir gas dalam batu reservoir, perhitungan neraca energi, dan simulasi reservoir. Pada penelitian ini, dievaluasi keakuratan perhitungan faktor kompresibilitas menggunakan metode Equation of State Peng Robinson PR Benedict-Webb-Rubin BWR dengan komposisi gas yang mengandung CO2 H2S berbasis dari Sumur P. Dalam penelitian ini, divariasikan pengaruh tekanan dan temperatur serta variasi mol CO2 H2S kemudian dihitung rata-rata deviasinya. Nilai referensi yang digunakan didapatkan dari hasil perhitungan menggunakan software NIST-REFPROP. Nilai deviasi yang didapatkan pada pengaruh tekanan dengan metode PR BWR masing-masing adalah sebesar 5,35 dan 7,37 . Nilai deviasi yang didapatkan dari pengaruh temperatur dengan metode PR BWR masing-masing adalah sebesar 5,14 dan 1,08 . Nilai deviasi yang didapatkan dari variasi komposisi CO2 H2S dengan metode PR BWR masing-masing adalah sebesar 4,76 dan 5,61 .

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ABSTRACT
The content of hydrocarbons and impurities existing in the natural gas has contributed to its thermodynamic properties so that it takes the accurate prediction to optimize the exploitation of gas wells. In this case, the role of the compressibility factor is very important in reservoir engineering calculations such as gas metering, gas compression, gas pipeline design, and surface facility. In addition, the compressibility factor is necessary for calculating of the flow rate of gas in the reservoir rock, energy balance calculation, and reservoir simulation. In this study, the compressibility factor calculations will be evaluated using Equation of State Peng Robinson PR Benedict Webb Rubin BWR with gas composition containing CO2 and H2S based on well P. The calculations are varied with pressure and temperature and also used CO2 and H2S mol variations then calculated deviation average . Reference value used is obtained from the calculation using NIST REFPROP software. deviation values obtained by the influence of pressure with PR BWR method are respectively 5.35 and 7.37 . deviation values obtained from the influence of temperature with the PR BWR method are respectively 5.14 and 1.08 . deviation values obtained from the variation of CO2 H2S composition by PR BWR method were respectively 4.76 and 5.61 .

Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Kuantisasi Lagrangian model point-coupling bergantung densitas menghasilkan Lagrangian Hartree-Fock yang terdiri atas suku direct dan exchange. Identitas Fierz diaplikasikan pada suku exchange agar bisa disusun bersama dengan suku direct membentuk Lagrangian efektif. Dengan menggunakan persamaan Euler-Lagrange akan didapat persamaan gerak dan massa efektif sistem. Dari Hamiltonian sistem diperoleh energi ikat sistem per nukleon, massa efektif, tekanan dan kompresibilitas. Dari hasil yang diperoleh, kontribusi suku exchange kecil pada massa efektif nukleon materi nuklir simetrik. Namun pada keadaan lain, kontribusi yang signikan terlihat pada energi ikat per nukleon di materi nuklir simetrik dan materi netron, massa efektif materi netron, dan energi ikat per nukleon pada densitas rendah dari materi netron.

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ABSTRACT
Point-coupling model Lagrangian is quantized to obtain the Hartree-Fock Lagrangian which contained direct and exchange terms. Fierz identity applied to the exchange term to be rearranged together with the direct term to obtain the eective Lagrangian. By using the Euler-Lagrange equation, we will obtain the equation of motion and the eective mass of the system. From the Hamiltonian will obtain the binding energy per nucleon, eective mass, pressure and compressibility. The results show that the exchange term contribution is small on nucleon eective mass of symmetric nuclear matter. But in the other conditions, the signicant contribution are observed on binding energy per nucleon of asymmetric nuclear matter, neutron eective mass, and binding energy per nucleon in asymmetric nuclear matter in low density;Point-coupling model Lagrangian is quantized to obtain the Hartree-Fock Lagrangian which contained direct and exchange terms. Fierz identity applied to the exchange term to be rearranged together with the direct term to obtain the eective Lagrangian. By using the Euler-Lagrange equation, we will obtain the equation of motion and the eective mass of the system. From the Hamiltonian will obtain the binding energy per nucleon, eective mass, pressure and compressibility. The results show that the exchange term contribution is small on nucleon eective mass of symmetric nuclear matter. But in the other conditions, the signicant contribution are observed on binding energy per nucleon of asymmetric nuclear matter, neutron eective mass, and binding energy per nucleon in asymmetric nuclear matter in low density;Point-coupling model Lagrangian is quantized to obtain the Hartree-Fock Lagrangian which contained direct and exchange terms. Fierz identity applied to the exchange term to be rearranged together with the direct term to obtain the eective Lagrangian. By using the Euler-Lagrange equation, we will obtain the equation of motion and the eective mass of the system. From the Hamiltonian will obtain the binding energy per nucleon, eective mass, pressure and compressibility. The results show that the exchange term contribution is small on nucleon eective mass of symmetric nuclear matter. But in the other conditions, the signicant contribution are observed on binding energy per nucleon of asymmetric nuclear matter, neutron eective mass, and binding energy per nucleon in asymmetric nuclear matter in low density;Point-coupling model Lagrangian is quantized to obtain the Hartree-Fock Lagrangian which contained direct and exchange terms. Fierz identity applied to the exchange term to be rearranged together with the direct term to obtain the eective Lagrangian. By using the Euler-Lagrange equation, we will obtain the equation of motion and the eective mass of the system. From the Hamiltonian will obtain the binding energy per nucleon, eective mass, pressure and compressibility. The results show that the exchange term contribution is small on nucleon eective mass of symmetric nuclear matter. But in the other conditions, the signicant contribution are observed on binding energy per nucleon of asymmetric nuclear matter, neutron eective mass, and binding energy per nucleon in asymmetric nuclear matter in low density, Point-coupling model Lagrangian is quantized to obtain the Hartree-Fock Lagrangian which contained direct and exchange terms. Fierz identity applied to the exchange term to be rearranged together with the direct term to obtain the eective Lagrangian. By using the Euler-Lagrange equation, we will obtain the equation of motion and the eective mass of the system. From the Hamiltonian will obtain the binding energy per nucleon, eective mass, pressure and compressibility. The results show that the exchange term contribution is small on nucleon eective mass of symmetric nuclear matter. But in the other conditions, the signicant contribution are observed on binding energy per nucleon of asymmetric nuclear matter, neutron eective mass, and binding energy per nucleon in asymmetric nuclear matter in low density]

Abstrak :
Tanah lunak seringkali menjadi permasalahan dalam proses pembangunan pembangunan infrastruktur seperti gedung atau jalan. Tanah lunak merupakan jenis tanah yang memiliki daya dukung rendah serta tingginya tingkat kompresibilitas tanah tersebut. Oleh karena itu, stabilisasi tanah lunak diperlukan, salah satu metode yang tepat untuk digunakan dalam melakukan stabilisasi tanah adalah metode vacuum consolidation. Metode vacuum consolidation merupakan salah satu metode stabilisasi tanah yang menggunakan bantuan pompa sebagai vakum dan prefabribricated vertical drain (PVD) sebagai saluran drainase airnya. Data dan parameter tanah lunak didapatkan dari uji lapangan dan uji laboratorium. Dalam menganalisa data untuk mengetahui efek metode vacuum consolidation terhadap kompresibilitas tanah lunak dilakukan analisa perhitungan penurunan menggunakan bantuan software Midas GTS NX, dimana hasil dari analisa permodelan akan dibandingkan dengan penurunan aktual di lapangan. Analisa data dengan software Midas GTS NX dilakukan dalam tahapan construction stage, yaitu: kondisi awal (initial state), kondisi saat proses vakum dimulai (suction drain), dan kondisi setelah proses vacuum consolidation dihentikan (leave time). Hasil dari perhitungan penurunan (settlement) menggunakan software Midas GTS NX adalah 0,801 meter dengan waktu proses vakum selama 90 hari, dan hasil penurunan (settlement) aktual di lapangan akibat proses vakum adalah 0,974 meter (SP1) dan 0,866 meter (SP2). ......Soft soil is often a problem in the process of developing infrastructure such as buildings or roads. Soft soil is a type of soil that has a low bearing capacity and a high level of soil compressibility. Therefore, stabilization of soft soil is needed, one of the appropriate methods to be used in conducting soil stabilization is the vacuum consolidation method. The vacuum consolidation method is a soil stabilization method that uses a pump as a vacuum and prefabricated vertical drain (PVD) as a water drainage channel. Soft soil data and parameters were obtained from field tests and laboratory tests. In analyzing the data to determine the effect of the vacuum consolidation method on the compressibility of soft soil, a settlement analysis was carried out using the Midas GTS NX software, where the results of the modeling analysis will be compared with the actual settlement in the field. Data analysis with Midas GTS NX software was carried out in the construction stage, namely: initial conditions, conditions when the vacuum process was started (suction drain), and conditions after the vacuum consolidation process was stopped (leave time). The results of the settlement calculation using the Midas GTS NX software are 0.801 meters with a vacuum processing time of 90 days, and the actual settlement results in the field due to the vacuum process are 0.974 meters (SP1) and 0.866 meters (SP2).

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Tanah gambut memiliki karakteristik yang sangat berbeda dengan tanah lempung, dimana konsolidasi pada tanah gambut sangat tinggi yang menyebabkan kompresibilitas jangka panjang yang terjadi sangat besar. Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan suatu upaya untuk memperkecil kompresibilitas yang terjadi. Salah satu cara yang dapat dilakukan adalah dengan menaikkan nilai kerapatan kering (?dry) menggunakan metode modified proctor. Analisa untuk mengetahui besarnya kompresibilitas yang terjadi, dapat dilihat dari besarnya nilai Cc (Compression Index) yang dihasilkan pada tanah gambut yang telah dipadatkan dengan metode modified proctor. Pada penelitian ini tanah yang digunakan berasal dari desa Berengbengkel, Palangkaraya. Dari hasil percobaan yang telah dilakukan dapat disimpulkan bahwa dengan menaikkan nilai kepadatan tanah gambut, nilai Cc yang dihasilkan akan semakin kecil.

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ABSTRACT
Peat soil has different characteristics from clay, where its compresibility is so big. Therefore, we need an effort to reduce the compresibility that will occur. To achieve that, we can increase the effective unit weight of peat soil by using modified proctor. Analysis that is used to know how big the compresibility that will occur is by knowing the Cc value (Compression Index) which made from peat soil that has been compacted by using modified proctor. The peat soil that is used in this experiment is taken from Berengbengkel village, Palangkaraya. Cc value of peat soil will decrease if we compact it first.

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mendapatkan informasi geoteknik sampah perkotaan Indonesia. Informasi yang dimaksud meliputi berat jenis dan indeks kompresibiltasnya. Pengujian dirancang untuk mengetahui besar pengaruh perbedaan ukuran komponen-komponen sampah dan peristiwa dekomposisi terhadap kompresibilitas sampah perkotaan. Sampah perkotaan artificial dikembangkan agar komposisi sampah perkotaan lebih mudah dikontrol. Metode uji kompresi yang digunakan diadopsi dan dimodifikasi dari metode konsolidasi pada tanah lempung, yaitu dengan metode constant rate of strain. Analisis data menunjukkan bahwa karakteristik geoteknik sampah perkotaan artifisial yang diuji dipengaruhi oleh ukuran partikel dan lamanya waktu dekomposisi. Pengujian yang dilakukan pada sampel dengan ukuran lebih besar menunjukkan kecenderungan peningkatan nilai berat unit, indeks kompresi dan rekompresi. Sampel dengan waktu dekomposisi lebih lama menunjukkan kecenderungan peningkatan pada berat unit dan indeks kompresi serta penurunan pada indeks rekompresi. ...... This project is proposed to determine the geotechnics information of municipal solid waste in Indonesia including its unit weight and compression index. This experiment is designed mainly to observe the effect of particle size and decomposition process on geotechnics properties of Indonesian type municipal solid waste. Artificial Municipal Solid Waste system is developed for much easier control. Constant Rate of Strain method is selected as the compression test which is an adoption and modification of consolidation test on clay. Analysis on data shows that geotechnics characteristics of Indonesian type solid waste are similar with those reported by other researchers earlier. Calculated geotechnics parameters give observable change with respect to particle size and decomposition process. Result analysis shows that municipal solid wastes with larger particles size tend to have higher unit weight, compression index and recompression index. An increase in unit weight and compression index is also found for municipal solid wastes with longer decomposition time. However, the index of recompression of the samples tends to decrease for longer decomposition time.

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mendapatkan informasi geoteknik sampah perkotaan Indonesia. Informasi yang dimaksud meliputi berat jenis dan indeks kompresibiltasnya. Pengujian dirancang untuk mengetahui besar pengaruh perbedaan ukuran komponen-komponen sampah dan peristiwa dekomposisi terhadap kompresibilitas sampah perkotaan. Sampah perkotaan artificial dikembangkan agar komposisi sampah perkotaan lebih mudah dikontrol. Metode uji kompresi yang digunakan diadopsi dan dimodifikasi dari metode konsolidasi pada tanah lempung, yaitu dengan metode constant rate of strain. Analisis data menunjukkan bahwa karakteristik geoteknik sampah perkotaan artifisial yang diuji dipengaruhi oleh ukuran partikel dan lamanya waktu dekomposisi. Pengujian yang dilakukan pada sampel dengan ukuran lebih besar menunjukkan kecenderungan peningkatan nilai berat unit, indeks kompresi dan rekompresi. Sampel dengan waktu dekomposisi lebih lama menunjukkan kecenderungan peningkatan pada berat unit dan indeks kompresi serta penurunan pada indeks rekompresi.

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This project is proposed to determine the geotechnics information of municipal solid waste in Indonesia including its unit weight and compression index. This experiment is designed mainly to observe the effect of particle size and decomposition process on geotechnics properties of Indonesian type municipal solid waste. Artificial Municipal Solid Waste system is developed for much easier control. Constant Rate of Strain method is selected as the compression test which is an adoption and modification of consolidation test on clay. Analysis on data shows that geotechnics characteristics of Indonesian type solid waste are similar with those reported by other researchers earlier. Calculated geotechnics parameters give observable change with respect to particle size and decomposition process. Result analysis shows that municipal solid wastes with larger particles size tend to have higher unit weight, compression index and recompression index. An increase in unit weight and compression index is also found for municipal solid wastes with longer decomposition time. However, the index of recompression of the samples tends to decrease for longer decomposition time.