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Abstrak :
[Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kekasaran, proses phosphating, serta ketebalan adhesive bonding terhadap ketahanan delaminasi komposit laminat. Variasi kekasaran substrat, yaitu pada rentang 5-8 μm dan 10-13 μm, variasi terhadap proses phosphating, yaitu ada yang melalui proses phosphating dan ada yang tidak, serta variasi ketebalan adhesive baik primer ataupun topcoat dengan rentang 1-5 μm, 6-10 μm, serta 11-15 μm. Pembentukan komposit laminat ini dilakukan melalui proses transfer moulding pada suhu 160 C selama 450 detik. Komposit laminat yang sudah terbentuk kemudian diuji peel-off untuk mengetahui kekuatan delaminasinya lalu dikarakterisasi dengan SEM-EDX. Hasil menunjukan bahwa kekasaran permukaan, lapisan zinc phosphate, serta ketebalan adhesive bonding mempengaruhi ketahanan delaminasi komposit laminat yang diinterpretasikan dengan kekuatan ikat antarlapisan dan visual delaminasi. Kekasaran optimum terjadi pada rentang 10-13 μm dengan kekuatan ikat 179,68 N dan visual delaminasi R-R sebanyak 35%. Adanya lapisan zinc phosphate memberikan nilai kekuatan ikat optimum sebesar 157,38 N dan visual delaminasi R-R sebanyak 50%. Ketebalan adhesive primer optimum terjadi pada rentang 1-5 μm dengan kekuatan ikat 163,35 N dan visual delaminasi R-R sebanyak 50%. Ketebalan adhesive topcoat optimum terjadi pada rentang 6-10 μm dengan kekuatan ikat sebesar 154,65 N dan visual delaminasi R-R sebanyak 41,6%.;This study aims to determine the effect of roughness, phosphating process, and the thickness of the adhesive bonding into delamination resistance of laminate composite. Variation of the substrate roughness are 5-8 μm and 10-13 μm. Some substrates are coated by zinc phosphate and other substrate are uncoated. Variations of the thickness of adhesive primer and adhesive topcoat are in a range of 1-5 μm, 6-10 μm, and 11-15 μm. The process of forming the laminate composite occurs through transfer molding process at 1600C in 450 seconds. Laminate composite that has been formed then tested by peel-off test to determine the strength of delamination. Visual of delamination was characterized by SEM-EDX. The results showed that the optimum surface roughness occurs in the range of 10-13 μm with bonding strength 179.68 N and 35% of R-R visual. The coated substrate has a higher bonding strength compared to uncoated substrate, which is 157.38 N and 50% of R-R visual. The optimum thickness of adhesive primer occurs in the range of 1-5 μm with bonding strength is 163.35 N and 50% of R-R visual. While the optimum thickness of adhesive topcoat occurs in the range of 6-10 μm with a bonding strength is 154.65 N and 41,6% of R-R visual;This study aims to determine the effect of roughness, phosphating process, and the thickness of the adhesive bonding into delamination resistance of laminate composite. Variation of the substrate roughness are 5-8 μm and 10-13 μm. Some substrates are coated by zinc phosphate and other substrate are uncoated. Variations of the thickness of adhesive primer and adhesive topcoat are in a range of 1-5 μm, 6-10 μm, and 11-15 μm. The process of forming the laminate composite occurs through transfer molding process at 1600C in 450 seconds. Laminate composite that has been formed then tested by peel-off test to determine the strength of delamination. Visual of delamination was characterized by SEM-EDX. The results showed that the optimum surface roughness occurs in the range of 10-13 μm with bonding strength 179.68 N and 35% of R-R visual. The coated substrate has a higher bonding strength compared to uncoated substrate, which is 157.38 N and 50% of R-R visual. The optimum thickness of adhesive primer occurs in the range of 1-5 μm with bonding strength is 163.35 N and 50% of R-R visual. While the optimum thickness of adhesive topcoat occurs in the range of 6-10 μm with a bonding strength is 154.65 N and 41,6% of R-R visual, This study aims to determine the effect of roughness, phosphating process, and the thickness of the adhesive bonding into delamination resistance of laminate composite. Variation of the substrate roughness are 5-8 μm and 10-13 μm. Some substrates are coated by zinc phosphate and other substrate are uncoated. Variations of the thickness of adhesive primer and adhesive topcoat are in a range of 1-5 μm, 6-10 μm, and 11-15 μm. The process of forming the laminate composite occurs through transfer molding process at 1600C in 450 seconds. Laminate composite that has been formed then tested by peel-off test to determine the strength of delamination. Visual of delamination was characterized by SEM-EDX. The results showed that the optimum surface roughness occurs in the range of 10-13 μm with bonding strength 179.68 N and 35% of R-R visual. The coated substrate has a higher bonding strength compared to uncoated substrate, which is 157.38 N and 50% of R-R visual. The optimum thickness of adhesive primer occurs in the range of 1-5 μm with bonding strength is 163.35 N and 50% of R-R visual. While the optimum thickness of adhesive topcoat occurs in the range of 6-10 μm with a bonding strength is 154.65 N and 41,6% of R-R visual]

Abstrak :
Pengembangan tank sebagai kendaraan tempur saat ini terus dilakukan untuk meningkatkan kekuatan militer suatu negara. Salah satu komponen utama pada tank adalah material armor. Penggunaan aluminium dan serat kevlar yang kemudian disusun menjadi material komposit laminat memiliki massa jenis yang jauh lebih rendah dari baja, namun memiliki kekuatan impak yang tinggi, sehingga diharapkan dapat menggantikan peran baja pada tank sebagai material armor. Pada penelitian ini, untuk membuat material komposit laminat hybrid digunakan AA 5052 sebagai matriks dan kevlar yang diimpregnasi dengan nano aluminium oksida sebagai penguatnya. Terdapat 3 variasi jumlah lapisan kevlar yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini, yaitu 20, 30, dan 40 lapisan yang disusun tiga tingkat dalam satu sampel komposit laminat hybrid. Semakin tebal lapisan kevlar, semakin besar nilai kekuatan impak komposit laminat hybrid. Pada sampel terimpregnasi, hasil pengujian balistik dengan NIJ standard 0108.01 yang dilakukan menunjukkan sampel dengan 20 lapisan kevlar dapat tahan uji balistik level 3, sedangkan sampel dengan 30 lapisan kevlar dapat tahan uji balistik level 4. ......The development of tank as a combat vehicle is currently being carried out to increase the military strength of a country. One of the main components of the tank is the armor material. Aluminum and kevlar fiber which is then arranged into a laminated composite material has a lower density than a steel, but has a high impact strength, so it is expected to replace the role of steel in tanks as armor material. In this study, to make a hybrid laminate composite material, aluminum alloy 5052 was used as a matrix, and kevlar impregnated with nano aluminum oxide as reinforcement. There are 3 variations in the number of kevlar layers carried out in this study (20, 30, and 40 layers). Each of the type will be arranged in three tiers in one sample of hybrid laminate composite. The thicker the kevlar layer, the greater the value of the impact strength of the hybrid laminate composite. For the impregnated sample, the results of the ballistic test with NIJ standard 0108.01 that were carried out showed that the sample with 20 layers of kevlar could withstand the level 3 ballistic test, while the sample with 30 layers of kevlar could withstand the level 4.

Abstrak :
Pada penelitian ini, komposit hybrid laminate yang terdiri dari aluminum alloy 7075 dan Kevlar dibuat. Kevlar yang digunakan dalam pembuatan komposit tersebut diimpregnasi dengan shear thickening fluid (STF) yang mengandung partikel alumina (Al2O3) berukuran nano. STF dibuat dengan mencampurkan PEG-400, alumina dan etanol yang digunakan untuk mengimpregnasi Kevlar. Variasi jumlah lapisan Kevlar sebanyak 8,16, dan 24 lapisan dibuat untuk mengamati ketahanan balistik. Deposisi dari alumina diamati dengan scanning electron microscope (SEM) dan fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR). Hasil observasi dengan menggunakan SEM menunjukkan bahwa partikel alumina berada di antara serat Kevlar dan hal ini didukung dengan hasil FTIR. Ketahanan balisitk diuji dengan beberapa metode karakterisasi, seperti pengujian balistik yang mengacu pada standar dari National Institute of Justice (NIJ) 1080.01 dengan level II. Deformasi yang dihasilkan, termasuk jejak perforasi dan kedalaman penetrasi, dianalisis untuk mengetahui kemampuan penyerapan energi. Charpy impact test juga dilakukan guna mengamati kemampuan penyerapan energi dari komposit tersebut saat terpapar impak dengan kecepatan rendah. Hasil dari pengujian balistik dan impak menunjukkan hasil serupa, yakni sampel komposit dengan 24 lapis kevlar terimpregnasi menyerap energi paling optimal yang dibuktikan dengan data kualitatif dan kuantitatif. ......In this research, hybrid laminate composites comprising of Kevlar and aluminum alloy 7075 plates were fabricated for armor application. The Kevlar fabrics were impregnated in shear thickening fluid (STF) containing alumina nanoparticles (Al2O3) to enhance the ballistic performance. STF was made by mixing PEG-400, alumina nanoparticles and ethanol which then introduced to Kevlar fabrics. A variation of Kevlar layer number of 8, 16, and 24 layers, were made to observe the ballistic resistance. The deposition of nano-filler into Kevlar fabrics was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectrometry. The results show that alumina nanoparticles exist in between individual Kevlar fibers and supported by FTIR result. Ballistic impact resistance was observed through ballistic test that was performed according to National Institute of Justice (NIJ) 1080.01 level II standard. The resulting deformations, including perforation trace and depth of penetration, were studied to determine the energy absorption behavior. Charpy impact test was also conducted to analyze the behavior of the composite in lowvelocity impact and the impact value was discussed leading to the same trend with ballistic test result, in which 24-layer impregnated sample shows the optimum energy absorption based on qualitative and quantitative data.

Abstrak :
Industri pertahanan nasional khususnya kendaraan tempur membutuhkan adanya pengembangan dari sisi material untuk meningkatkan efektivitas dalam menahan serangan proyektil serta mempermudah mobilitas saat digunakan di medan perang. Pada penelitian ini, digunakan komposit laminat dengan matriks berupa plat aluminium AA5052 dan serat kevlar dengan variasi jumlah lapisan sebanyak 20, 30, dan 40 layer. Kevlar di dalam komposit laminat ini diimpregnasikan dengan campuran nanopartikel SiC (Silikon Karbida) 50nm, ethanol, dan PEG-400 sebagai Shear Thickening Fluid (STF). Plat aluminium dan kevlar direkatkan menggunakan resin epoksi dan hardener dengan metode hand lay-up. Untuk mengetahui ketahanan balistik dan sifat mekanis, dilakukan pengujian balistik level III dan IV yang kemudian dianalisis kedalaman penetrasi proyektil dan diameter perforasi dari komposit laminat. Analisis mikrostruktur dan kandungan unsur dari komposit laminat dilakukan dengan Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Disperse X-Ray Spectrometry (EDS), dan Fourier Transfer Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya pengaruh pada ketahanan balistik dan kekuatan mekanis akibat pengimpregnasian nanopartikel SiC dan variasi jumlah kevlar yang digunakan pada komposit laminat. ......The national defense industry, especially combat vehicles, requires materials development to increase effectiveness in ballistic resistant and mobility when used on the battlefield. In this study, laminated composites with a matrix of AA5052 aluminum plate and kevlar fiber were used with variations in the number of layers of 20, 30, and 40 layers. The kevlar fabric in this laminated composite was impregnated with a mixture of 50nm SiC (Silicon Carbide) nanoparticles, ethanol, and polyethylene glycol (PEG-400) as Shear Thickening Fluid (STF). The aluminum and kevlar plates are glued together using epoxy resin and hardener by the hand lay-up method. To determine the ballistic resistance and mechanical properties, level III and IV ballistic tests were carried out followed by analyzing the projectile penetration depth and perforation diameter of the laminated composite. Analysis of the microstructure and elemental content of the laminated composites was carried out by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Disperse X-Ray Spectrometry (EDS), and Fourier Transfer Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR). The results showed that there was an effect on ballistic resistance and mechanical strength due to the impregnation of SiC nanoparticles and variations in the amount of Kevlar used in laminated composites.

Abstrak :
Salah satu kekuatan militer Indonesia yaitu Industri pertahanan nasional khususnya kendaraan tempur membutuhkan adanya modernisasi dari sisi material untuk meningkatkan mobilitas dan efisiensi penggunaan energi saat digunakan di medan perang. Namun, tidak mengurangi atau bahkan diharapkan melebihi dari kekuatan mekanis dari baja tahan peluru yang saat ini masih menjadi andalan dalam manufaktur kendaraan militer Penelitian ini akan berfokus pada komposit laminat dengan matriks logam AA7075 – T6 dengan penguat serat karbon dengan variasi adanya perlakuan pencanaian dingin pada matriks dan kuantitas serat penguat karbon yang divariasikan jumlahnya 10, 20, hingga 30 lembar. Masing-masing sampel diuji balistik pada 2 tingkatan yang berbeda, pistol dengan proyektil 9 mm dan senapan dengan proyektil 5,56 mm. Perlakuan pencanaian dingin sebesar 42% ini menunjukkan adanya peningkatan kekuatan mekanis seperti kekuatan tarik dan kekerasan pada matriks aluminium, tetapi mengurangi performa balistik komposit khususnya di level II dan level III akibat penurunan ketebalan. Penambahan serat karbon terbukti dapat meningkatkan performa balistik komposit di level II dan mengurangi terbentuknya mode kegagalan di level III. Sampel komposit berhasil menahan proyektil pada pengujian balistik dengan pistol dan proyektil 9 mm, tetapi gagal pada pengujian dengan senapan dan proyektil 5,56 mm, dengan mode kegagalan yang timbul berupa petaling, shear plugging, delamination, bulging, fiber breakage, dan crack. ......One of Indonesia's military strengths is the national defense industry, especially combat vehicles, which require modernization in terms of materials to increase mobility and efficient use of energy when used on the battlefield. However, it does not reduce or is even expected to exceed the mechanical strength of bullet-resistant steel which is currently still a mainstay in military vehicle manufacturing. This research will focus on laminated composites with an AA7075 - T6 metal matrix with carbon fiber reinforcement with variations in the cold rolling treatment of the matrix. and the quantity of carbon reinforcing fiber varied in number from 10, 20, to 30 layers thick. Each sample was tested for ballistics at 2 different levels, a pistol with a 9 mm projectile and a rifle with a 5.56 mm projectile. This 42% cold rolling treatment shows an increase in mechanical strength such as tensile strength and hardness in the aluminum matrix, but reduces the overall ballistic performance especially at level II and level III of the composite due to thickness. The addition of carbon fiber has been proven to improve the performance of composite ballistic at level II and reduce the formation of a fairness mode at level III. Composite samples succeeded in withstanding projectiles in ballistic tests with pistols and 9 mm projectiles, but failed in tests with rifles and 5.56 mm projectiles, with failure modes arising in the form of petaling, shear plugging, delamination, bulging, fiber breakage, and crack.