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"Penelitian ini akan melihat awal mula penanaman kina secara spesifik di Priangan beserta perkembangannya. Penjelasan akan dimulai dari awal penanaman kina di Priangan pada 1854 hingga adanya pembatasan produksi karena Perjanjian Kina tahun 1913. Penelitian mengenai budidaya kina di Hindia Belanda sudah pernah dilakukan. Seperti pada Belenggu Ilmuwan dan Pengetahuan oleh Andrew Goss dan Science and Scientist in The Netherlands Indie oleh Van Gorkom. Tulisan-tulisan tersebut hanya membahas budidaya kina di Hindia Belanda secara umum. Proses penelitian dimulai dengan pencarian sumber atau heuristik. Sumber primer berupa arsip untuk penelitian ini didapatkan dari Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia (ANRI). Sedangkan sumber gambar berupa foto didapatkan dari Leiden University Libraries Digital Collections dan koleksi digital Nationaal Museum van Wereldculturen (NMVW). Adapun sumber-sumber sekunder diperoleh dari Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia (PNRI), serta laman jurnal daring seperti JSTOR dan Science Direct. Proses penelitian dilanjutan dengan kritik internal dan eksternal. Selanjutnya dilakukan interpretasi dan historiografi atau penulisan sejarah. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan keberhasilan budidaya kina di Priangan dan menjadikan Hindia Belanda sebagai produsen kina terbesar di dunia.

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This study will look at the beginning of the cultivation of quinine specifically in Priangan and its development. The explanation will start from the beginning of the cultivation of quinine in Priangan in 1854 until there were production restrictions due to the Quinine Agreement in 1913. Research on quinine cultivation in the Dutch East Indies had already been carried out. Such as The Floracrats by Andrew Goss and Science and Scientist in The Netherlands Indie by Van Gorkom. These writings only discuss the cultivation of quinine in the Dutch East Indies in general. The research process begins with the search for sources or heuristics. The primary source in the form of archives for this research was obtained from the National Archives of the Republic of Indonesia (ANRI). While the source of the image in the form of photos is obtained from Leiden University Libraries Digital Collections and the digital collection of the National Museum van Wereldculturen (NMVW). The secondary sources were obtained from the National Library of the Republic of Indonesia (PNRI), as well as online journal pages such as JSTOR and Science Direct. The research process is continued with internal and external criticism. Furthermore, interpretation and historiography or historical writing are carried out. The results showed the success of quinine cultivation in Priangan and made the Dutch East Indies the largest quinine producer in the world."

"Infeksi virus dengue (DENV) masih menjadi masalah kesehatan global di dunia termasuk Indonesia. Menurut data CDC, diseluruh dunia terdapat sekitar 400 juta kasus DENV dengan 40.000 jiwa setiap tahunnya. Keparahan infeksi DENV berkaitan dengan jumlah viral load yang tinggi dan badai sitokin yang disebabkan oleh inflamasi berlebih. Sampai saat ini tidak ada antivirus spesifik digunakan untuk DENV, sementara itu penggunaan obat anti inflamasi untuk DENV terbatas hanya untuk pasien dengan gejala klinis berat. Favipiravir dan Kina Sulfat telah dilaporkan sebagai drug repurposing yang dapat menghambat replikasi DENV, namun apakah kedua obat ini memiliki aktivitas anti-inflamasi yang disebabkan oleh infeksi DENV belum dikaji lebih lanjut. Aktivitas antivirus favipiravir dan kina sulfat dianalisis melalui nilai IC50 dan CC50 terhadap DENV serotipe-1 (DENV-1) pada sel Vero. Ekspresi relatif sitokin TNF-a, IL-6, IL-10 dan faktor transkripsi NFkB dianalisis dari PBMC donor sehat yang diinfeksikan DENV-1 dengan pemberian Favipiravir atau Kina Sulfat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan IC50 dan CC50 untuk Favipiravir sebesar 2,72 ug/mL dan 156,78 ug/mL dengan nilai SI 58, sementara IC50 dan CC50 Kina Sulfat sebesar 14,97 ug/mL dan 85,2 ug/mL dengan nilai SI 5,69. Favipiravir dan Kina Sulfat mampu menurunkan ekspresi IL-6 dan IL-10, namun menginduksi ekspresi TNF-a dan faktor transkripsi NFkB pada dua skema uji infeksi DENV-1 dengan atau tanpa antibodi. Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa Favipirafir memiliki aktivitas antivirus dengue yang lebih baik dibandingkan Kina Sulfat sementara peranan Favipiravir dan Kina Sulfat sebagai anti-inflamasi infeksi DENV masih memerlukan studi lebih lanjut.

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Dengue virus (DENV) infection is still a global health problem in the world, including Indonesia. According to CDC data, worldwide there are around 400 million DENV cases with 40,000 deaths each year. The severity of DENV infection is related to the high viral load and cytokine storm caused by excessive inflammation. Until now there is no specific antiviral used for DENV, meanwhile the use of anti-inflammatory drugs for DENV is limited to patients with severe clinical symptoms. Favipiravir and Quinine Sulfate have been reported as repurposing drugs that can inhibit DENV replication, but whether these two drugs have anti-inflammatory activity caused by DENV infection has not been studied further. The antiviral activity of Favipiravir and Quinine Sulfate was analyzed through IC50 and CC50 values against DENV serotype-1 (DENV-1) on Vero cells. The relative expression of cytokines TNF-a, IL-6, IL-10 and the transcription factor NFkB was analyzed from PBMCs of healthy donors infected with DENV-1 with the addition of Favipiravir or Quinine Sulfate. The results showed that the IC50 and CC50 for Favipiravir were 2,72 ug/mL and 156,78 ug/mL with an SI value of 58, while the IC50 and CC50 of Quinine Sulfate were 14,97 ug/mL and 85,2 ug/mL with an SI value 5,69. Favipiravir and Quinine Sulfate were able to reduce the expression of IL-6 and IL-10, but induced the expression of TNF-a and the transcription factor NFkB in two DENV-1 infection test schemes with or without ADE. From this study it can be concluded that Favipiravir has better dengue antiviral activity than Quinine Sulfate, while the role of Favipiravir and Quinine Sulfate as an anti-inflammatory for DENV infections still requires further study. From this study, it can be concluded that Favipiravir has better dengue antiviral activity than Quinine Sulfate while the role of Favipiravir and Quinine Sulfate as anti-inflammatory of DENV infection still requires further study."