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"ABSTRAKKeguguran adalah masalah kesehatan reproduksi penyebab mortalitas dan morbiditas wanita di seluruh dunia. Di dunia, terjadi 208 juta kehamilan dengan 52 juta diantaranya mengalami keguguran. Di Indonesia, keguguran menjadi penyebab kelima terbesar kematian ibu, setelah perdarahan, hipertensi, infeksi, dan partus lama. Beberapa cakupan dalam indikator kesehatan ibu mendapatkan adanya perbedaan antara wilayah perkotaan dan perdesaan. Untuk itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengatahui faktor maternal yang mempengaruhi keguguran di Indonesia berdasarkan wilayah tempat tinggal. Jenis penelitian ini adalah analitik observasional dengan desain crossectional study. Sumber data dalam penelitian ini adalah data mencakup seluruh wilayah di Indonesia yang didapatkan dari Survei Demografi dan Kesehatan Indonesia tahun 2017. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan bahwa usia dan paritas berpengaruh terhadap kejadian keguguran di wilayah perkotaan dan perdesaan, faktor lain yang berpengaruh di perkotaan adalah adanya infeksi menular seksual dan pekerjaan, sedangkan di perdesaan adalah jarak kehamilan. Risiko abortus tidak berhubungan bermakna dengan merokok, K1 ideal, kualitas ANC, Konsumsi TTD, dan kontrasepsi.

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ABSTRACTMiscarriage is a reproductive health problem that causes mortality and morbidity of women throughout the world. In the world, 208 million pregnancies occur, with 52 million having miscarriages. In Indonesia, miscarriage is the fifth largest cause of maternal death, after bleeding, hypertension, infection, and prolonged labor. Some coverage in maternal health indicators get a difference between urban and rural areas. For this reason, this study aims to know the maternal factors that affect miscarriages in Indonesia based on the area of ​​residence. This type of research is observational analytic with cross sectional study design. The source of the data in this study is that data covers all regions in Indonesia obtained from the 2017 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey. The results showed that age and parity influence the incidence of miscarriages in urban and rural areas, another factor that influences in urban areas is the presence of infectious infections sex and work, while in rural areas is the distance of pregnancy. The risk of abortion is not significantly related to smoking, ideal K1, ANC quality, TTD consumption, and contraception."

"Prevalensi anemia gizi pada ibu hamil masih cukup tinggi di Indonesia. Pada umumnya anemia gizi pada ibu hamil disebabkan kekurangan zat besi. Penyebab utama anemia gizi tampaknya adalah konsumsi zat makanan yang tidak cukup, terutama protein dan bahan lainnya pembentuk darah seperti besi, asam folat, vitamin B12, vitamin C. Konsumsi zat makanan tersebut sering lebih rendah dari dua pertiga kecukupan zat makanan yang dianjurkan sehari. Pada ibu hamil, jugs didapatkan penurunan kadar asam folat yang lebih besar dari pada wanita yang tidak hamil, hal ini merupakan salah satu faktor kontribusi untuk terjadinya anemia gizi. Suplementasi preparat zat besi dan asam folat, merupakan pendekatan yang efektif untuk memenuhi kebutuhan zat besi dan asam folat yang meningkat pada waktu hamil. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbandingan pengaruh pemberian zat besi dengan zat besi dan asam folat terhadap kadar Hb pada ibu hamil dengan anemia. Dilakukan studi eksperimental terhadap 92 orang ibu hamil dengan umur kehamilan 16 - 32 minggu dengan anemia gizi (8 g% S Hb < 11 g%, Ht < 37%) yang berkunjung ke Bagian Kesehatan Ibu dan Anak Puskesmas Kecamatan Cilandak Jakarta Selatan. Subyek dibagi menjadi kelompok perlakuan (45 orang) dan kelompok kontrol (47 orang). Selama 8 minggu kelompok perlakuan diberikan pil zat besi dan asam folat (200 mg + 0,25 mg/hari) sedangkan kelompok kontrol mendapat pil zat besi (200 mg/hari) saja. Dari penelitian ini ditemukan :

1. Prevalensi anemia gizi pada ibu hamil masih cukup tinggi (42,73%).
2. Subyek umurnya berasal dari golongan sosial ekonomi rendah, tingkat pendidikan rendah, berpengetahuan gizi dan berperilaku gizi kurang. Agaknya hal tersebut yang menyebabkan kurangnya asupan zat gizi, terutama protein, zat besi, asam folat, vitamin B12, dibandingkan AKG yang dianjurkan untuk ibu hamil, serta memungkinkan terjadinya anemia gizi pada kehamilan.
3. Dengan pemberian setiap hari pil zat besi atau pil zat besi + asam folat selama 8 minggu, didapatkan kenaikan kadar Hb dan Ht. Tetapi pada pemberian pil zat besi + asam folat didapatkan kenaikan kadar Hb dan Ht yang lebih tinggi secara bermakna dibandingkan pemberian pil zat besi saja (nilai rata-rata kenaikan Hb kelompok perlakuan 2,12 g% dan kelompok kontrol 0,78 g%, nilai rata-rata kenaikan Ht kelompok perlakuan 4,49% dan kelompok kontrol 1,98 %).(p < 0,01).

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The prevalence of nutritional anemia among pregnant women is still high in Indonesia. The most common nutritional anemia among pregnant women is iron deficiency anemia which is apparently due to inadequate dietary nutrient intake, i.e. protein, iron, folic acid, vitamin B12 and vitamin C. Estimated dietary nutrients intake is often below two thirds of the RDA. The decrease of plasma folic acid concentration in pregnancy is more than in non pregnant women, which forms one of the contributing factors in the causation of the nutritional anemia in pregnancy. Combined iron and folate supplementation is an effective approach to meet the high iron and folate requirement during pregnancy.

The objective of this study is to compare the effect of iron and combined iron and folate supplementation. An experimental study, was carried out on 92 women 16-32 weeks pregnant with hemoglobin concentration between 8 g% and less than 11 g%, and hematocrit less than 37%, who visited the Primary Health Center Cilandak at Kecamatan Cilandak, South Jakarta. Subjects are deviled into study and control groups consisting of 45 and 47 subjects respectively. During 8 weeks the combined iron and folate preparation (200 mg ferrosulfate and 0,25 mg folic acid) were distributed to the study group and the iron preparation (200 mg ferrosulfate) to the control group.

From this study can be concluded as follow :

1. The prevalence of nutritional anemia in pregnancy is still high ( 42,73 % ).
2. Subjects were primarily from low socio economic level, had low education, poor knowledge and nutritional behavior. Which apparently led to inadequate dietary nutrient intake (i.e. protein, iron, folic acid, vitamin B12) compared to RDA causing probably the nutritional anemia in pregnancy.
3. Daily supplementation of combined iron and folic acid pils or iron pils only for 8 weeks, increased the hemoglobin and hematocrit concentration of the subjects. But combined pits increased the Hb and Ht concentration more significant than iron pils only. (The mean of increased hemoglobin concentration of the study group was 2,12 mg% and 0,78 mg% of the control group. The mean of the increased hematocrit concentration of the study group was 4,49 % and 1,98 % of the control group )(p<0.41).

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"Tesis ini membahas kecemasan ibu hamil dengan riwayat keguguran di Puskesmas Kecamatan Kebon Jeruk. Ibu hamil dengan riwayat keguguran sebelumnya memiliki tingkat kecemasan dalam kehamilan lebih tinggi daripada ibu hamil tanpa riwayat keguguran. Tujuan penelitian yaitu mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kecemasan ibu hamil dengan riwayat keguguran. Desain penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan metode cross-sectional. Pengumpulan data dilakukan pada bulan Juni-Agustus 2020. Tempat penelitian di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Kecamatan Kebon Jeruk Kota Jakarta Barat. Analisis bivariat menggunakan uji Kai Kuadrat sedangkan analisis multivariat menggunakan regresi logistik. Hasil penelitian didapatkan ibu hamil dengan riwayat keguguran yang mengalami kecemasan sebesar 65,4%. Analisis multivariat menunjukkan variabel yang berhubungan bermakna terhadap kecemasan ibu hamil dengan riwayat keguguran adalah variabel interval kehamilan, dukungan sosial, dan usia kehamilan (p-value <0,05). Hasil analisis didapatkan OR tertinggi pada variabel interval kehamilan yaitu 5,9 (95% CI 2,119-16,447), artinya ibu yang memiliki interval kehamilan pendek (<6 bulan) berisiko mengalami kecemasan hampir 6 kali lebih tinggi dibandingkan ibu yang memiliki interval kehamilan panjang (≥6 bulan). Variabel paling dominan yang berhubungan pada kecemasan ibu hamil dengan riwayat keguguran adalah interval kehamilan.

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This thesis discusses the anxiety of pregnant women with a history of miscarriage at the Puskesmas Kebon Jeruk District. Pregnant women with a history of previous miscarriage have higher levels of anxiety during pregnancy than women without a history of miscarriage. The research objective was to determine the factors associated with anxiety of pregnant women with a history of miscarriage. The research design used a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional method. Data collection was carried out in June-August 2020. The research site was in the work area of Puskesmas Kecamatan Kebon Jeruk, West Jakarta City. The bivariate analysis used a Chi-Squared test while multivariate analysis used logistic regression.The results showed that 65.4% of pregnant women with a history of miscarriage experienced anxiety. Multivariate analysis showed that the variables significantly related to the anxiety of pregnant women with a history of miscarriage were pregnancy interval, social support, and gestational age (p-value <0.05). The results of the analysis obtained the highest OR on the pregnancy interval variable, namely 5.9 (95% CI 2.119-16.447), meaning that mothers who have a short pregnancy interval (<6 months) were at risk of experiencing anxiety almost 6 times higher than mothers who have long pregnancy intervals ( ≥6 months). The most dominant variable related to the anxiety of pregnant women with a history of miscarriage was the pregnancy interval."

"Background: Unwanted pregnancy is often related to the practice of abortion. The existing data are sporadic and illustrate the condition of the big city Kompas (16/2/2009) said that abortion cases are 2.5 million for a year. Another study estimates that about 2 million cases of abortion. By using the Riskesdas data, this study aimed to describe how the incidence of miscarriage, unwanted pregnancy, and abortion efforts in lndonesia. Methods: Units of analysis in this study is the sampIe of individuaIs Riskesdas 2010, ever married women, 10-59 years old, which is located in all provinces of lndonesia. The data used are the results of a questionnaire survey by using instruments RKD10.IND and RKD10RT. This data is correlated with demographic status and socio economic status. From the data processing, we know the motive of abortion. Findings: The incidence of miscarriage rate is 4% nationally Of all occurrences of miscarriages, there is 6.54% of them aborted. Abortion is mostly done by women aged over 35 year old, graduated from high school, not working and living in urban areas. Curettage is the dominantly way for abortion. Herbs, pills and injections are the alternative ways. Associated with the incidence of unplanned pregnancies, cases were found ranged between 1.6% and 5.8%. On all unplanned pregnancies cases, 6,71 % are aborted. The abortions are mostly done by wome aged over 35 years old with elementary school graduated, unemployed, lower economic status (2nd kuantil) and live in urban areas. Abortion techniques are herbs and pills."