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"lingkungan kondusif untuk proses penyembuhan. Biological sealing dapat diperoleh melalui sifat bioaktivitas suatu material, salah satunya kemampuan biomineralisasi material, yaitu kemampuan material dalam membentuk apatite like layer pada permukaan ketika berkontak dengan cairan fisiologis. Karakteristik tersebut dapat diperoleh dari material bioaktif, seperti kalsium silikat. Siler berbasis kalsium silikat pre- mixed saat ini telah banyak berkembang, di antaranya adalah Ceraseal® (Metabiomed, Korea) dan AH Plus® Bioceramic (Dentsply, USA). Komposisi masing-masing siler yang bervariasi menghasilkan perbedaan karakteristik, salah satunya kemampuan biomineralisasi. Tujuan: Menganalisis potensi biomineralisasi antara siler berbasis kalsium silikat pada dentin saluran akar dengan perendaman phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Metode: Siler berbasis kalsium silikat Ceraseal® dan AH Plus® Bioceramic diaplikasikan ke dalam dentin saluran akar gigi premolar yang telah dilakukan prosedur preparasi saluran akar, dan dilanjutkan dengan perendaman dalam PBS selama 14 hari. Analisis biomineralisasi dilakukan dengan menganalisis pembentukan lapisan apatit setelah 14 hari perendaman melalui penghitungan ketebalan deposit lapisan apatit menggunaan Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), serta peningkatan pH larutan yang dihitung pada waktu observasi hari-ke 0, 7 dan 14 menggunakan pH-meter. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan deposisi apatit pada interfacial layer antara Ceraseal® dan AH Plus® Bioceramic dalam waktu observasi 14 hari. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara nilai pH Ceraseal® dan AH Plus® Bioceramic pada waktu observasi 7 dan 14 hari.

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Background: Endodontic treatment currently refers to the concept of biological sealing to form an environment conducive to the healing process. Biological sealing can be obtained through the bioactivity properties of a material, one of which is its biomineralization ability to form an apatite-like layer on the surface when in contact with physiological fluids. This characteristic is present in bioactive materials like calcium silicate. There are currently many developed pre-mixed calcium silicate based sealers, including Ceraseal® (Metabiomed, Korea) and AH Plus® Bioceramic (Dentsply, USA). The variation in their composition results in different characteristics, including biomineralization ability. Objective: To analyze the biomineralization potential of calcium silicate-based sealers on root canal dentine by phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) immersion. Methods Calcium silicate based sealer Ceraseal® and AH Plus® Bioceramic were applied to the root canal dentin of premolar teeth that had undergone root canal preparation procedures. The samples were then immersed in PBS for 14 days. Biomineralization analysis was performed by measuring the apatite layer thickness formed after 14 days of immersion using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Additionally, the pH of the solution was measured at observation times of 0,7 and 14 days using a digital pH-meter. Results: There was a significant differences in in apatite deposition at the interfacial layer between Ceraseal® and AH Plus® Bioceramic during 14 days of observation. Furthermore, there was a significant difference in pH values between Ceraseal® and AH Plus® Bioceramic at 7 and 14 days of observation."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Semen saluran akar Bioroot merupakan semen kalsium silikat terbaruyang memiliki kandungan kalsium silikat murni. Tujuan: Menganalisis perbandingankekuatan ikat semen Bioroot pada teknik pengisian cold dan warm compaction.Metode: Evaluasi kekuatan ikat menggunakan uji push-out bond strength. Hasil:Terdapat perbedaan bermakna nilai push-out bond strength antara kelompok cold danwarm compaction. Kesimpulan: Teknik pengisian cold compaction memiliki kekuatanikat lebih baik dibandingkan warm compaction.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Bioroot root canal sealer is the latest calcium silicate-based sealer thatcontain pure calcium silicate material. Purpose: To analyze adhesion capability ofBioroot in cold and warm compaction obturation technique. Methods: Evaluation ofadhesion capability using push-out bond strength test. Result: There was a significantdifference of push-out bond strength value between cold and warm compaction.Conclusion: Cold compaction technique has a better adhesion capability than warmcompaction technique."

"Variasi komposisi penambahan Trass dan Limestone sebagai material suplemen Ordinary Portland Cement dilakukan pada penelitian ini dengan tujuan untuk menurunkan harga tanpa mengurangi sifat kuat tekan. Kuat tekan yang diharapkan dari variasi material pada penelitian ini bisa melebihi kuat tekan Ordinary Portland Cement. Trass dan limestone divariasi dengan jumlah total substitusi 21% berat, dan semen dipertahankan pada 79% berat. Hasil pencampuran trass, limestone dan semen dipertahankan pada kehalusan 5000 cm²/gram. Semen hasil variasi ini dipilih yang terbaik berdasarkan hasil pengujian kuat tekan, kemudian dibandingkan dengan hasil kuat tekan semen yang tidak ditambahkan trass dan limestone. Perubahan mineralogi atau kristal akibat variasi komposisi material akan diamati dengan X-RD dan SEM.. Kalsium Silikat Hidrat (CSH) sebagai produk utama yang memberikan kontribusi terhadap kuat tekan, diharapkan terindentifikasi pada pengamatan ini. Hasil penelitian menunjukkkan kuat tekan dari variasi dengan komposisi trass 14% dan limestone 7% lebih tinggi dari variasi komposisi trass dan limestone yang lain, baik pada umur pengujian 3, 7 dan 28 hari. Kuat tekan variasi komposisi trass 14% dan limestone 7% berturut turut untuk umur 3, 7 dan 28 hari adalah 224 kgf/cm², 282 kgf/cm², dan 365 kgf/cm². Berturut-turut untuk umur 3, 7 dan 28 hari, kuat tekan semen tanpa penambahan trass dan limestone adalah 261 kgf/cm², 352 kgf/cm², dan 448 kgf/cm². Hasil diatas disebabkan pada semen tanpa penambahan trass dan limestone terbentuk kristal CSH jenis kristal Rosenhandrite yang cukup banyak daripada pada semen dengan tambahan trass dan limestone. Kristal Rosenhandrite ini mempunyai kontribusi terhadap kuat tekan lebih tinggi daripada CSH yang lain seperti C2SH alpha, C6S3H gamma delaite, dan afwillite. Pengamatan SEM pada sampel semen tanpa trass dan limestone terlihat adanya kristal CSH yang berbentuk plat dengan bulu-bulu lembut yamg dihubungkan jarum-jarum kecil (ettringite), sedang pada semen variasi trass dan limestone berbentuk plat tanpa bulu-bulu dan tanpa jarum-jarum kecil.

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Composition Variation of Trass and Limestone addition as supplement material in Ordinary Portland Cement is done in the research with the goal to reduce cost without decreasing compressive strength. It is even expected that the compressive strength of cement added with suitable variation of trass and limestone wiil exceed that of Ordinary Portland Cement . Trass and limestone is varied with a total substitution of 21% wt, and cement is kept 79% wt. The fineness Trass, Limestone and Cement mixture is kept on 5000 cm²/gram Optimum variation of Trass and Limestone addition is determined by compressive strength compared to OPC without additives, and the mineralogy and crystalline phase is like CSH as observed using XRD and SEM. The research results showed that compressive strength of composition variation of 14% Trass and 7% Limestone has compressive strength higher than others. The compressive Strength of optimum variation are 224 kgf/cm², 282 kgf/cm² and 365 kgf/cm for samples tested at 3, 7, and 28 days respectively .The compressive strength of cement without additive are 261 kgf/cm², 352 kgf/cm² and 448 kgf/cm² for samples tested 3, 7, and 28 days respectively. The difference in compressive strength between cement with and without additive is attributed to the formation of Rosenhandrite, which is a crystalline CSH. Large quantity of Rosenhandrite is formed in cement without addition of trass and limestone. It is assumed that Rosenhandrite is the dominant phase that contribute to compressive strength relative to the other CSH phases as like C2SH Alpha, C6S3H Gamma Dellaite, and Afwillite. Under the SEM, CSH phases in cement without additive showed plate shape with smooth hairy which is connected with small needles (ettringite), while for cement with composition variation of Trass and Limestone showed plate shape without smooth hairy and small needle."

"Variasi komposisi penambahan Trass dan Limestone sebagai material suplemen Ordinary Portland Cement dilakukan pada penelitian ini dengan tujuan untuk menurunkan harga tanpa mengurangi sifat kuat tekan. Kuat tekan yang diharapkan dari variasi material pada penelitian ini bisa melebihi kuat tekan Ordinary Portland Cement. Trass dan limestone divariasi dengan jumlah total substitusi 21% berat, dan semen dipertahankan pada 79% berat. Hasil pencampuran trass, limestone dan semen dipertahankan pada kehalusan 5000 cm²/gram. Semen hasil variasi ini dipilih yang terbaik berdasarkan hasil pengujian kuat tekan, kemudian dibandingkan dengan hasil kuat tekan semen yang tidak ditambahkan trass dan limestone. Perubahan mineralogi atau kristal akibat variasi komposisi material akan diamati dengan X-RD dan SEM.. Kalsium Silikat Hidrat (CSH) sebagai produk utama yang memberikan kontribusi terhadap kuat tekan, diharapkan terindentifikasi pada pengamatan ini. Hasil penelitian menunjukkkan kuat tekan dari variasi dengan komposisi trass 14% dan limestone 7% lebih tinggi dari variasi komposisi trass dan limestone yang lain, baik pada umur pengujian 3, 7 dan 28 hari. Kuat tekan variasi komposisi trass 14% dan limestone 7% berturut turut untuk umur 3, 7 dan 28 hari adalah 224 kgf/cm², 282 kgf/cm², dan 365 kgf/cm². Berturut-turut untuk umur 3, 7 dan 28 hari, kuat tekan semen tanpa penambahan trass dan limestone adalah 261 kgf/cm², 352 kgf/cm², dan 448 kgf/cm². Hasil diatas disebabkan pada semen tanpa penambahan trass dan limestone terbentuk kristal CSH jenis kristal Rosenhandrite yang cukup banyak daripada pada semen dengan tambahan trass dan limestone. Kristal Rosenhandrite ini mempunyai kontribusi terhadap kuat tekan lebih tinggi daripada CSH yang lain seperti C2SH alpha, C6S3H gamma delaite, dan afwillite. Pengamatan SEM pada sampel semen tanpa trass dan limestone terlihat adanya kristal CSH yang berbentuk plat dengan bulu-bulu lembut yamg dihubungkan jarum-jarum kecil (ettringite), sedang pada semen variasi trass dan limestone berbentuk plat tanpa bulu-bulu dan tanpa jarum-jarum kecil.

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Composition Variation of Trass and Limestone addition as supplement material in Ordinary Portland Cement is done in the research with the goal to reduce cost without decreasing compressive strength. It is even expected that the compressive strength of cement added with suitable variation of trass and limestone wiil exceed that of Ordinary Portland Cement . Trass and limestone is varied with a total substitution of 21% wt, and cement is kept 79% wt. The fineness Trass, Limestone and Cement mixture is kept on 5000 cm²/gram Optimum variation of Trass and Limestone addition is determined by compressive strength compared to OPC without additives, and the mineralogy and crystalline phase is like CSH as observed using XRD and SEM. The research results showed that compressive strength of composition variation of 14% Trass and 7% Limestone has compressive strength higher than others. The compressive Strength of optimum variation are 224 kgf/cm², 282 kgf/cm² and 365 kgf/cm for samples tested at 3, 7, and 28 days respectively .The compressive strength of cement without additive are 261 kgf/cm², 352 kgf/cm² and 448 kgf/cm² for samples tested 3, 7, and 28 days respectively. The difference in compressive strength between cement with and without additive is attributed to the formation of Rosenhandrite, which is a crystalline CSH. Large quantity of Rosenhandrite is formed in cement without addition of trass and limestone. It is assumed that Rosenhandrite is the dominant phase that contribute to compressive strength relative to the other CSH phases as like C2SH Alpha, C6S3H Gamma Dellaite, and Afwillite. Under the SEM, CSH phases in cement without additive showed plate shape with smooth hairy which is connected with small needles (ettringite), while for cement with composition variation of Trass and Limestone showed plate shape without smooth hairy and small needle."

"Telah dilakukan subtitusi 21% ’cementitious material’ flyash, trass dan limestone pada semen portland. Komposisi 75.5% clinker semen portland, 3.5% gips, 7% limestone dan 14 % variasi komposisi trass-flyash digiling bersama menghasilkan semen yang disebut semen portland komposit. Mekanisme hidrasi dan evolusi mikrostruktur pasta semen yang mengeras diamati pada umur 1,3,7,28 dan 56 hari dibandingkankan dengan semen Portland menggunakan metoda XRD dan SEM. Kalsium silikat hidrat, CSH sebagai fasa utama produk hidrasi semen portland diidentifikasi dengan pembentukan fasa Ca(OH)2. Dan reaksi posolanik flyash-trass pada semen portland komposit diidentifikasi melalui penurunan fraksi fasa Ca(OH)2. Morfologi CSH berupa serat berbentuk jarum diamati pada tiap umur hidrasi. Diperoleh hasil bahwa reaksi posolanik antara silika amorf pada trass dan flyash baru berlangsung setelah 7 hari sehingga kuat tekan mortar pada umur awal diperoleh hanya dari CSH hasil reaksi hidrasi semen portland.

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Substitution of 21% cementitious material flyash, trass and limestone in portland cement were carried out. Proportion of 75.5% Portland cement clinker, 3.5% gypsum, 7% limestone and 14% variation of trass-flyash were ground together and classified as Portland Composite Cement. Hydration mechanism and microstructure evolution of hardened paste at age of 1, 3, 7, 28 and 56 days were observed by XRD and SEM. Calcium Silicate Hydrate as main hydration products of Portland cement was identified by Ca(OH)2 formation and pozzolanic reaction by decreasing of Ca(OH)2 phase fraction. CSH as needle like fiber in the paste were identified in each age of hydration. Results showed that pozzolanic reaction of amorphous silica in trass and flyash just started to react after 7 days so that the early strength comes only from CSH of portland cement hydration."

"Latar Belakang: Perawatan pulpa vital telah mengalami perubahan paradigma menuju perawatan regeneratif endodontik. Beberapa tahun terakhir material bioaktif terus berkembang dengan perubahan komposisi kimia untuk meningkatkan sifat fisik, kimia, dan biologisnya. Perkembangan material tersebut, seperti semen berbasis kalsium silikat, terus dikembangkan untuk merangsang regenerasi kompleks pulpa dentin sebagai tujuan akhir dari perawatan pulpa vital. Perubahan komposisi kimia berdampak pada perubahan semen ini dari sediaan powder/liquid menjadi pre-mixed putty. Salah satu penanda regenerasi kompleks pulpa dentin adalah analisis diferensiasi odontoblast human dental pulp stem cell (hDPSC) yang dapat diidentifikasi dengan peningkatan ekspresi Dentin Sialophospoprotein (DSPP) dan deposisi mineral hDSPC. Tujuan: Membandingkan efek perubahan komposisi kimia semen berbasis kalsium silikat pre-mixed putty terhadap diferensiasi odontogenik hDSPC. Metode: Semen berbasis kalsium silikat premixed putty dihaluskan dan disterilisasi (ISO 10993-5:2009). Sel punca pulpa (hDPSC) merupakan hasil kultur primer yang telah 80% confluent (telah melalui uji stem cell marker CD90 98%, CD105 99,7% , CD73 94% dan LinNeg 0,5%) dan mencapai P2-3 dilakukan serum starvation 24 jam. Kelompok penelitian ini terdiri dari 7 kelompok, hDSPC dikultur pada media osteogenik dengan penambahan; Biodentin® konsentrasi 1:1, 1:2, 1:5, BIO-C® Repair konsentrasi 1:1, 1:2, 1:5 dan kontrol negatif (DMEM + media osteogenik). Kemudian dilakukan uji ELISA diferensiasi hDSPC melalui ekspresi DSPP pada hari ke-7 dan 14 dan uji kualitatif pewarnaan Alizarin Red pada hari ke-21. Hasil: Semen berbasis kalsium silikat pre-mixed putty konsentrasi 1:5 pada waktu observasi 7 hari, dan konsentrasi 1:2 dan 1:5 pada waktu observasi 14 hari meningkatkan ekspresi DSPP dan deposisi mineral hDSPC. Kesimpulan: Perubahan komposisi kimia semen berbasis kalsium silikat pre-mixed putty meningkatkan ekspresi DSPP dan deposisi mineral hDPSC sehingga terbukti dapat menginduksi diferensiasi odontoblas.

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Background: Vital pulp treatment has undergone a paradigm shift towards endodontic regenerative treatment. In recent years, bioactive materials have continued to evolve with changes in chemical composition to improve their physical, chemical and biological properties. The development of these materials, such as cement-based calcium silicate, continues to be developed to stimulate the regeneration of the dentin pulp complex as the ultimate goal of vital pulp treatment. Changes in chemical composition have an impact on changing this cement from powder/liquid preparation to pre-mixed putty. One of the markers of regeneration of the dentin pulp complex is the analysis of odontoblast differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSC) which can be identified by increased expression of Dentin Sialophospoprotein (DSPP) and mineral deposition of hDPSC. Objective: To compare the effect of changes in the chemical composition of cement based on calcium silicate pre-mixed putty on hDSPC’s odontogenic differentiation. Method: Cement based on premixed putty calcium silicate is pulverized and sterilized (ISO 10993-5:2009). Pulp stem cells (hDPSC) are the result of primary cultures that are 80% confluent (have gone through the stem cell marker test CD90 98%, CD105 99.7%, CD73 94% and LinNeg 0.5%) and reach P2-3 by serum starvation 24 hours. This research group consisted of 7 groups, hDSPC was cultured on osteogenic media with the addition of; Biodentin® concentrations of 1:1, 1:2, 1:5, BIO-C® Repair concentrations of 1:1, 1:2, 1:5 and negative control (DMEM + osteogenic media). Then an hDSPC differentiation ELISA test through DSPP expression was performed on days 7 and 14 and a qualitative test of Alizarin Red staining on day 21. Results: Cement based on pre-mixed putty calcium silicate with a concentration of 1:5 at 7 days of observation, and concentrations of 1:2 and 1:5 at 14 days of observation increased DSPP expression and mineral deposition of hDPSC. Conclusion: Changes in the chemical composition of pre-mixed putty calcium silicate-based cement increased the expression of DSPP and mineral deposition in hDPSC so that it was proven to be able to induce odontoblast differentiation."