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"ABSTRAKPengantar: Saat ini, malaria masih menjadi penyakit endemik dan hampir 3.2 milyar orang berisiko terkena malaria, kasus terbanyak terjadi di Asia Tenggara dan Afrika. Indonesia juga merupakan salah satu negara yang memiliki prevalensi tinggi. Terlebih lagi, berkembangnya resistensi terhadap obat anti malaria di Asia Tenggara, khususnya resistensi kloroquin di Indonesia. Sambiloto merupakan obat herbal yang telah digunakan sebagai obat anti malaria dan anti inflamasi. Spirulina juga memiliki fungsi sebagai anti inflamasi. Namun, belum ada penelitian mengenai kombinasi kedua obat ini sebagai obat anti malaria. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui efek kombinasi dari sambiloto dan spirulina pada perubahan histopatologi di usus halus mencit terinfeksi Plasmodium berghei. Metode: Data diambil dari percobaan pada mencit jantan Swiss Webster yang sudah terinfeksi Plasmodium berghei Anka. Ada empat kelompok perlakuan, kelompok AP yang sudah diobati dengan ekstrak sambiloto, kelompok AP ES yang diberikan ekstrak sambiloto dan ekstrak spirulina, kelompok AP PS yang diobati dengan ekstrak sambiloto dan powder spirulina, serta kelompok DHP sebagai kontrol positif. Hasil: Hasil analisis menggunakan tes one-way ANOVA dan Kruskal-Wallis menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada perbedaan signifikan dalam jumlah fokus inflamasi, sel goblet, dysplasia dan angiogenesis. Namun, dengan pengamatan mikroskopik dan perhitungan rata-rata tiap kelompok, kelompok yang diberikan spirulina memiliki hasil jumlah fokus inflamasi, sel goblet, dysplasia dan angiogenesis yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan kelompok perlakuan lainnya. Diskusi: Pada riset ini, sifat anti inflamasi pada sambiloto dan spirulina dikarenakan komponen aktif dari sambiloto yaitu andrographolide dan phycocyanin dari spirulina. Jumlah sel goblet meningkat bersamaan dengan meningkatnya inflamasi, karena fungsi nya sebagai pelindung pada lapisan mucosa. Dysplasia juga berkaitan dengan proses inflamasi terutama dalam perkembangan neoplasma. Beberapa mediator inflamasi juga memiliki sifat angiogenic, yang mendukung terjadinya proses angiogenesis saat mediator- mediator ini direkrut pada proses inflamasi.

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ABSTRACTIntroduction Recently, malaria is still endemic in some area and approximately 3.2 billion people were at risk, most cases happen in South East Asia and African. Indonesia also has high prevalence of malaria. Moreover, high level of antimalarial drug resistance occurs in South East Asia, specifically choloroquine in Indonesia. Sambiloto, one of herbal drugs, has been used as anti malarial drug and also anti inflammatory. Spirulina also has anti inflammatory properties. However, there is no study that prove sambiloto and spirulina combination could be use as anti malarial drug. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of sambiloto and spirulina combination to histopathological changes of small intestine from mice that already infected by Plasmodium berghei Method Data is obtained from clinical experiment of Male Swiss Webster mice that already infected with Plasmodium berghei Anka. There are 4 groups of treatment, AP group which has been treated with sambiloto extract, AP ES group treated using sambiloto extract with spirulina extract, AP PS that were treated using sambiloto extract and spirulina powder, and DHP group which is treated with DHP as the positive control group. Results Data analysis using one way ANOVA and Kruskal Wallis shows that there is no significant differences in inflammatory focus, goblet cells, dysplasia and angiogenesis among 4 group of treatment. However, from microscopic field view and mean comparison, addition of spirulina, both extract and powder form, into sambiloto extract decreased inflammatory focus, goblet cells, dysplasia and angiogenesis on the small intestine. Discussion In this research, anti inflammatory properties of sambiloto is due to its bioactive component such as andrographolide and phycocyanin that inhibit pro inflammatory mediators. Goblet cells count increase as inflammation occurs, as it has function as protective part in mucous layer. Dysplasia is also related to inflammation process, especially in neoplasm development. Inflammatory cytokines also have angiogenic properties, as increasing of inflammation process will recruit inflammatory mediators and promote angiogenesis to happen. "

"ABSTRAKDi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia (FKUI), formalin digunakan sebagai pengawet utama kadaver. Namun, formalin memiliki beberapa efek yang tidak diinginkan bagi kesehatan. Oleh karena itu, larutan pengawet lain, seperti gliserin dan kalsium klorida merupakan kandidat larutan pengawet pengganti. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan hasil pengawetan jaringan saluran pencernaan dalam larutan CaCl2 dan glycerin dengan larutan pengawet berformalin. Tikus Sprague Dawley jantan (n=36) difiksasi primer dengan injeksi supravital 10% dan 25% formalin dan direndam dalam larutan yang sama selama satu minggu. Setelah itu, saluran pencernaan (usus) dilepaskan dan pengawetan dilanjutkan dengan merendamnya dalam larutan pengawet lanjutan yaitu 15% CaCl2, 20% CaCl2, 70% glycerin + 0.1% thymol dalam etanol dan larutan pengawet standar Departemen Anatomi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia. Kemudian secara berkala, yaitu setiap bulan pada enam bulan pertama dan setelah 12 bulan, strutkur makroskopis (konsistensi dan pertumbuhan jamur) diamati, dilanjutkan dengan pemeriksaan mikroskopis. Setelah itu, pengamatan dilanjutkan pada struktur mikroskopik (nekrosis dan abnormalitas). Konsistensi jaringan yang diawetkan dalam larutan CaCl2 menurun (menjadi lunak), yang diawetkan dalam larutan glycerin atau formalin tetap atau mengeras. Rata-rata perbedaan mikroskopis menunjukan kerusakan di semua spesimen CaCl2. Uji Kruskal Wallis menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan signifikan rata-rata perbedaan mikroskopis antar pengawet lanjutan (x2 = 7.329; p = 0.062). Disimpulkan bahwa glycerin 70% + 0.1% thymol dalam ethanol dapat digunakan sebagai pengganti larutan formalin, tetapi CaCl2 tidak

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ABSTRACTIn Faculty of Medicine Universtas Indonesia, formalin is used as the main preservative for the cadavers. Formalin produces several adverse effects. Substitute preservative solutions such as glycerin or CaCl2 are used in some other settings outside Indonesia. This research aimed to compare the result of intestinal tissue preservation using CaCl2 and glycerin with those that were advanced preserved with formalin solution. Male Sprague Dawley rat (n=36) were injected with supravital primary fixation (10% and 25% formalin) and submerged for one week in the same solution. Advanced preservative used were 15% CaCl2, 20% CaCl2, 70% glycerin + 0.1% thymol in ethanol and standard preservation solution of Department of Anatomy as control. Organs were distributed according to the preservation group and observed in a time frame. Data collected were macroscopic consistency and microscopic average abnormalities.Consistency of tissues preserved in CaCl2 resulted in a squishy specimen. All other solutions resulted in the consistency similar or harder than the beginning of the experiment. Microscopic average indicates abnormalities in all CaCl2 specimens. Kruskal Wallis Test resulted in no significant difference between advanced preservative groups (x2 = 7.329; p = 0.062). Concluded that Formalin 10% can be used as a primary fixative, and Glycerin 70% + 0.1% Thymol in ethanol can be used as a substitute for control solution, while CaCl2 is not recommended."

"Background: Starfruit (Averrhoa carambola) leaves contain flavone derivatives that exhibit anti-hyperglycemiceffects. This study aims to determine the effect of starfruit leaves in reducing glucose absorption in intestinal epithelialcells of mice. Methods: This study was done by performing perfusion on the small intestines of mice. The mice thatwere used in this study were divided into four groups. The control group was given glucose solution without infusedstarfruit leaves whereas, the remaining 3 groups were given 3 mmol (540 mg/dL) glucose solution with infused starfruitleaves of varying concentrations; 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg. Samples were collected at 0, 15th, 30th, 45th, and 60th minute.The sample was tested for glucose levels using spectrophotometry. Results: Test of significance showed a significantdifference between the control group and the test group with p < 0.05. Conclusions: Starfruit leaves have a reductioneffect towards glucose absorption in the small intestines in Wistar strains where the group using 600 mg/kg of infusedstarfruit leaves have the most significant effect as compared to other groups."

"Starfruit (Averrhoa carambola) leaves contain flavone derivatives that exhibit anti-hyperglycemic effects. This study aims to determine the effect of starfruit leaves in reducing glucose absorption in intestinal epithelial cells of mice.Methods: This study was done by performing perfusion on the small intestines of mice. The mice that were used in this study were divided into four groups. The control group was given glucose solution without infused starfruit leaves whereas, the remaining 3 groups were given 3 mmol (540 mg/dL) glucose solution with infused starfruit leaves of varying concentrations; 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg. Samples were collected at 0, 15th, 30th, 45th, and 60th minute. The sample was tested for glucose levels using spectrophotometry.Results: Test of significance showed a significant difference between the control group and the test group with p < 0.05.Conclusions: Starfruit leaves have a reduction effect towards glucose absorption in the small intestines in Wistar strains where the group using 600 mg/kg of infusedstarfruit leaves have the most significant effect as compared to other groups."

"The abnormality or disease of ihe small intestine may cause chronic diarrhea. The tests required to investigate the abnormality of the small intestine are difficult and expensive. In this study we studied the small intestine in chronic diarrhea cases, to discover any abnormality.The chronic diarrhea patients presenting from 1996 to 2000(5 years) at Cipto Mangunkusumo General Central National Hospital were included in the study. Patients were excluded if unable to co-operate. All of the patients were given blood and stool lexis in addition to colonoscopy, ileoscopy and duodeno-jejunoscopy with biopsy.Small intestinal examination could only be performed on 78patients witii chronic diarrhea. The most frequent characteristic were: aged 30-39 or 50-59 years (25.6% of all canes in the study), male(57.7%), non-bloody non steatorrhoeic tvpe of diarrhea(74.4%), and 4 to 48 weeks-duration of diarrhea(68.0%). Small intestine abnormalities were endoscopically and/or histopathologically found in 65 cases(S2.6%), while the rest of the patients were found to have normal small intestine. The abnormalities were found to he infective non-tuberculosis ileitis (in 20 patients, or 26% of all cases), Infective non-tuberculosis duodenitis(20 or 26%), non-infective jejtinitixf 14, or 18.2%), villous aft phy of the jejunum(3, or 3.9%), lymphoid nodular/follii hyperplasia of the terminal Heutn(l2, or 15.6%) etc. LOT intestinal abnormalities were found in 67 or S3.7% of t chronic diarrhea cases.The frequent small intestinal abnormalities were infe tive ileitis, duodenitis and lymphoid nodular/follicle hype plasiaofthe terminal ileum. The small intestinal abnormal ties were found less than the large intestinal abnormalitie"

"Penyakit kusta tipe MB merupakan penyakit imunologik, sebingga akan menurunkan tingkat imunitas penderitanya yang kebanyakan memiliki tingkat sosial ekonomi rendah, status gizi rendah, perilaku yang kurang sehat dan tinggal dilingkungan kumuh, hal ini akan memudahkan penderitanya menderita penyakit lain, termasuk kecacingan yang disebabkan nematoda usus yaitu : Ascaris lumbricoides (cacing gelang), Trichuris trichiura (cacing cambuk) dan Hookworm (cacing tambang), apalagi prevalensi kecacingan akibat cacing tersebut di Indonesia masih cukup tinggi.Penelitian ini dilakukan di Kabupaten DT II Bekasi, dengan desain studi kohort prospektif selama 4 bulan, dengan pemberian mebendazole 500 mg Basis tunggal untuk memastikan tidak adanya telor atau larva caring pada sampel yang dipilih secara simpel random sampling, terdiri dari 100 penderita kusta tipe MB dan 100 orang pembanding.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penyakit kusta merupakan faktor risiko untuk terjadinya kecacingan yang disebabkan oleh nematoda usus, RR=2.69 pada perilaku berisiko rendah dan RR=2.74 pada perilaku berisiko tinggi. Penderita kusta dengan perilaku berisiko tinggi memiliki risiko yang lebih besar untuk terkena kecacingan, dibanding dengan penderita kusta dengan perilaku berisiko rendah RR=6.87. Perilaku merupakan faktor risiko terbesar terjadinya kecacingan yang disebabkan nematoda usus pada penderita kusta, yang bila dilakukan intervensi dapat merubah akan menurunkan insidens kecacingan yang disebabkan nematoda uses pada penderita kusta sebesar 33.9%.

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Leprosy Multibasiller (MB) type is the immunologic disease, decreased the immunity status of the patients, who has the undergrowth social economic, nutrition status and lives in the slum area This condition improved the intestinal nematodes infection that caused by: Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and Hookworm.

This study was carried out among leprosy MB type patients, in Bekasi district, Jawa Barat province, 1997, with kohort prospective design for 4 mount observation. By used mebendazole 500 mg single dose to make the subject clean from intestine nematodes.

The result shown that leprosy MB type is the risk factor for the intestine nematodes infection, espesially Ascaris lumbricoides, RR= 2.69 in low risk health behaviour and R. R= 2.74 in high risk behaviour. Leprosy MB type patients with high risk behaviour have risk more high than leprosy MB type with low risk behaviour (RR= 6.87). Behaviour is the biggest risk factor in the incidence of intestine nematodes, if that variable can be changed by intervention, the nematodes incidence among the leprosy MB type patients will be reduced 33.9%."

"Latar Belakang: Dalam dekade terakhir, insidensi kanker usus halus telah meningkat lebih dari empat kali lipat. Insidensi ini diperkirakan akan terus meningkat akibat perubahan pola hidup. Terapi definitif dan utama saat ini adalah reseksi radikal segmen yang terserang kanker, dengan risiko yang cukup signifikan selama dan setelah terapi. Kemoterapi dan terapi neoadjuvan yang tersedia tidak menghasilkan efek yang diinginkan. Lunasin, peptida yang terkandung dalam kacang kedelai, dikenal dapat meningkatkan kesehatan sel secara epigenetik dan mengurangi inflamasi. Berangkat dari hal tersebut, ada kemungkinan bahwa ekstrak lunasin dapat menjadi terapi neoadjuvan yang efektif untuk kanker usus halus.Metode: Sebanyak 20 ekor mencit jenis Balb/c dibagi ke dalam empat kelompok. Semua mencit diinduksi dengan azoxymethane dan dextran sodium sulfat. Selama enam minggu setelahnya, mencit akan diberi ekstrak lunasin dalam konsentrasi yang berbeda (0, 20, 30, dan 40 mg/ kgBB). Delapan minggu setelah induksi, mencit akan dikorbankan. Sel usus halus mencit akan diproses dan diwarnai dengan hematoxyllin-eosin, kemudian jumlah hiperplasia, displasia, angiogenesis, fokus inflamasi, dan sel goblet akan diamati di bawah mikroskop.Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan dalam jumlah displasia (p=0,000) dan angiogenesis (p=0,009) dalam kelompok-kelompok dengan perlakuan yang berbeda. Namun, tidak ditemukan adanya perbedaan yang signifikan dalam jumlah hyperplasia, fokus inflamasi, dan sel goblet di antara kelompok-kelompok dengan pemberian lunasin dengan konsentrasi berbeda.Kesimpulan : Pemberian ekstrak lunasin dapat meningkatkan hasil jumlah dysplasia dan angiogenesis secara non dose-dependent, namun tidak mempengaruhi faktor-faktor yang lain dalam proses karsinogenesis usus halus.

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Background : Within the last decade, incidence of small bowel cancer has increased by more than fourfold. It is predicted that due to shift in diet and lifestyle, the numbers of incidence will steadily rise. The primary and only definite therapy for small intestine cancer is radical segmental resection, which carries side effects and risks during and after surgery. At the moment, available chemotherapy and neoadjuvant therapy do not exert significant result. Lunasin, a novel peptide originated from soybean, is believed to promote cellular health epigenetically and reduce inflammation. Thus, there is possibility that the lunasin extract may come off as a new and effective adjuvant therapy for small intestine malignancies.

Method: A total of 20 Balb/c mice were divided into four groups. The mice were induced with azoxymethane and dextran sodium sulfate. For the next six weeks, each group was given different concentration of lunasin extract. After eight weeks since the induction, the mice were sacrificed and the small intestinal tissue was harvested and stained using hematoxyllin-eosin. After that, the amount of hyperplasia, dysplasia, angiogenesis, inflammatory foci, and goblet cells will be observed under the microscope.

Results: There is significant difference in the amount of dysplasia (p=0.000) and angiogenesis (p=0.009) among the groups that receive different concentrations of lunasin. However, there is no effect of lunasin administration to the amount of hyperplasia, inflammatory foci, and of goblet cells.

Conclusion: Non dose-dependent administration of lunasin extract improves dysplasia and angiogenesis, but not other factors in small intestine carcinogenesis."

"Pereaksi Schryver merupakan salah satu pereaksi yang biasa digunakan untuk analisis kualitatif formaldehid. Pereaksi ini banyak digunakan karena memiliki sensitivitas dan selektivitas yang baik terhadap formaldehid. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan optimasi pereaksi Schryver agar penggunaannya optimal pada analisis kualitatif dan kuantitatif formaldehid. Optimasi dilakukan dengan cara membuat variasi konsentrasi dari masing-masing komponen secara bertahap. Komposisi yang optimum dipilih berdasarkan intensitas dan stabilitas serapan yang diperoleh. Kemudian komposisi ini digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi dan menentukan kadar formaldehid secara spektrofotometri pada sampel usus dan hati ayam yang dijual di Pasar Minggu dan Pasar Kramat Jati, Jakarta, Indonesia. Hasil validasi metode menunjukkan batas deteksi 0,0464 mg/L dan batas kuantitasi 0,1546 mg/L. Uji presisi dan akurasi metode menunjukkan hasil yang baik dengan koefisien variasi 0,538%, persentase perolehan kembali formaldehid dalam sampel usus ayam berkisar antara 98,64 - 100,08% dan dalam sampel hati ayam 99,86 - 104,34%. Identifikasi formaldehid terhadap 6 sampel usus ayam didapatkan hanya 1 sampel yang menunjukkan hasil yang positif dengan kadar 99,8481 μg/g. Sedangkan identifikasi formaldehid dalam 6 sampel hati ayam menunjukkan hasil yang negatif.

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Schryver's Reagent is one of many reagent that often used for formaldehyde qualitative analysis. For most purposes Schryver's method using phenylhydrazine hydrochloride and potassium ferricyanide is the method of choice because this reagent have a good sensitivity and selectivity against formaldehyde. In this research, the Schryver's reagent will be optimized and so it can be used optimally in qualitative and quantitative analysis of formaldehyde. Optimization was done by varying the concentration of each component step by step. The optimum composition was selected based on the absorption intensity and stability obtained. Then the optimized composition will be used to identify and determine the value of formaldehyde using spectrophotometry in chicken intestine and liver samples that sold in Pasar Minggu and Pasar Kramat Jati, Jakarta, Indonesia. The validation method showed that the detection limit was 0.0464 mg/L and the quantification limit 0.1546 mg/L. Precision and accuracy test showed a good result that variation coeficient 0.538%, recovery test of formaldehyde in chicken intestine sample is about between 98.64% and 100.08%, and about between 99.86% and 104.34% in chicken liver. The formaldehyde identification in chicken intestine sample showed from six samples have been tested, only one sample that gave a positive result which contain 99.8481 μg/g. Whereas the formaldehyde identification in chicken liver sample showed a negative result."