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Abstrak :
Bromelain merupakan enzim proteolitik yang mempunyai manfaat sebagai anti inflamasi, anti platelet, anti kanker, dan obat gangguan pencernaan. Untuk mencapai manfaat nya sebagai obat gangguan pencernaan, bromelain dienkapsulasi dalam matriks Hidrogel Kitosan-Metil Selulosa semi IPN. dengan komposisi kitosan:metil selulosa 60:40 b/b , agen pengikat silang glutaraldehid 0,1 M 2 b/b terhadap kitosan , dengan bromelain sebagai obatnya. Digunakan FTIR Fourier Transform Infra Red spectroscopy dan SEM Scanning Electron Microscope dan Mikroskop optik sebagai sarana untuk mengkarakterisasi. Hasil yang di dapat pada penelitian ini efisiensi dari proses loading obat rata rata 97 dan dengan rata-rata persen disolusi yang dilakukan pada dua sistem yaitu sistem pencernaan melewati pH 1,2 lalu dilanjutkan dengan pH 7,4 sebesar 97 . Aktivitas dari bromelain yang berhasil di-loading ke dalam matriks hidrogel mengalami penurunan sebesar 57. ......Bromelain is a proteolytic enzyme which has functions for anti inflammatory, anti platelet, anti cancer, and as a drug for digestion problem. To achieve its function for drug digestion problem, bromelain is encapsulated in Chitosan Methyl Cellulose semi IPN hydrogel. Hydrogel synthesized with Chitosan Methyl Cellulose 60 40 w w , glutaraldehyde 0,1 M 2 w w Chitosan as a crosslinker, and a bromelain as a drug model. FTIR and Optical Microscope are chosen as a characterization instrument. The result of this research is the efficiency of encapsulation bromelain in hydrogel Chitosan Methyl Cellulose semi IPN reach an average 97 and an average of dissolution is 97 . The enzymatic activity of bromelain decrease in an average 57.

Abstrak :
Material polimer untuk menyusun hidrogel harus dapat mengembang (swell) dan mempertahankan fraksi air pada strukturnya, namun tidak larut dalam air. Polimer alami memiliki gugus fungsi yang dapat menjadi pusat aktif reaksi dimana dapat dilakukan modifikasi untuk menghasilkan suatu polimer dengan karakteristik yang lebih baik. Kitosan merupakan polimer alami yang memiliki kekuatan struktur yang kurang dibandingkan kemampuan swelling. Sintesis hidrogel kitosan dengan metode full interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) dapat meningkatkan kekuatan struktur melalui ikat silang. Tahap pertama adalah sintesis jaringan polimer kitosan terikat silang asetaldehida. Tahap kedua adalah sintesis jaringan polimer PNVCL terikat silang N, N?-metilenbisakrilamida (MBA) melalui polimerisasi radikal bebas monomer NVCL dengan inisiator amonium persulfat (APS). Variasi waktu, rasio kitosan-PNVCL, konsentrasi agen pengikat silang, dan konsentrasi inisiator dipelajari untuk mengetahui kondisi optimum. Kondisi optimum diperoleh pada reaksi 2 jam dengan rasio kitosan/NVCL 90:10 (b/b %), konsentrasi MBA 0,5%, dan konsentrasi APS 3%. HSA kitosan-PNVCL memberikan rasio swelling 380,66% dan derajat ikat silang 60,85%. Karakterisasi HSA dilakukan dengan spektrofotometer Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), dan X-Ray Diffraction (XRD).

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Polymer material used for hydrogel should have the ability to swell and to keep water molecules in its structure without dissolving in water. Natural polymers has functional groups which can perform as active sites in modification to produce polymer with better characteristic. Chitosan is a natural polymer which has good swelling ability but lack of structural strength. Synthesis of chitosan hydrogel by interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) will increase its strength through crosslinking. In this research, the first step of modification was the synthesis of chitosan polymer network crosslinked by acetaldehyde. The next step was the synthesis of PNVCL polymer network crosslinked by N,N-methylbisacrylamide (MBA) through free radical polymerization of NVCL monomer with ammonium persulfat (APS) as the initiatior. Optimum reaction time, chitosan/PNVCL ratio (w/w %), concentration of crosslinker agent, and concentration of initiator had been observed. The optimum conditions were obtained as followed: 2 hours reaction, the ratio chitosan/PNVCL of 90:10 (w/w %), %-w MBA concentration of 0,5%, and APS concentration of 3%. The swelling ratio of the hydrogel was 380,66% while the crosslinking degree was 60,85%. Fourier transfor infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and X-Ray diffraction (XRD) were used for the characterization of the hydrogel.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Starch telah banyak dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan encapsulasi untuk sistem penghantar obat. Namun begitu, hidrogel starch mudah terdegradasi selama proses metabolisme dalam perut. Modifikasi terhadap pati diperlukan untuk meningkatkan proses enkapsulasi obat dalam sistem penghantar obat, terutama untuk obat gastrointestinal. Dalam penelitian ini, disintesis tiga modifikasi hidrogel berbahan dasar starch yaitu hydrogel starch terikat silang, semi dan full interpenetrating polymer network IPN hydrogel menggunakan PVP. Hydrogel starch juga disintesis sebagai bahan pembanding. Karakterisasi biomaterial dalam paper ini adalah uji swelling, observasi dengan menggunakan mikroskop stereo, DSC, FTIR. Kemudian, digunakan amoxicillin untuk uji obat. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa full-IPN memiliki karakteristik yang paling padat dan elastis,yang diikuti dengan semi-IPN, starch terikat silang dan starch hidrogel yang tidak termidifikasi diurutan terakhir. Namun, semi-IPN menunjukkan hasil yang lebih baik dalam implementasinya untuk aplikasi enkapsulasi obat. Hal ini ditunjukan dengan nilai efisiensi enkapsulasi obat dalam matrik hidrogel lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan hidrogel pati termodifikasi lainnya dan hasil pengujian pelepasan obat dari matrik hidrogel semi-IPN lebih terkontrol

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ABSTRACT
Starch has been widely used as an encapsulation material for drug delivery system. However, starch hydrogel is very easily degraded during metabolism in human stomach. Modification of this material is needed to improve the encapsulation process in drug delivery system, especially for gastrointestinal drug. In this research, three modified starch based hydrogels are synthesized i.e. crosslinked starch hydrogel, semi and full interpenetrating polymer network IPN starch hydrogel using Poly N Vinyl Pyrrolidone . Non modified starch hydrogel was also synthesized as a control. All of those samples were compared as biomaterials, floating drug delivery, and their ability in loading drug test. Biomaterial characterizations were swelling test, stereomicroscopy observation, Differential Scanning Calorimetry DSC , and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy FTIR . Lastly, amoxicillin was used as test drug. Results of this research was shown that full IPN has the most dense and elastic texture, followed by semi IPN, Crosslinked, and Non modified in the last position. However, the semi IPN showed better results in the implementation of drug encapsulation applications. This was proofed by the efficiency of drug encapsulation within a hydrogel matrix was the highest in compared to other modified starch hydrogel and in drug release testing results of the semi IPN hydrogel matrix was controlled

Abstrak :
Hidrogel kitosan termodifikasi interpenetrating polymer network berhasil disintesis yaitu kitosan, kitosan terikat-silang, kitosan-poly N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone semi-IPN dan kitosan-N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone full-IPN. Hidrogel kitosan termodifikasi interpenetrating polymer network diloadingkan captopril. Metode loading obat ke dalam matriks hidrogel yaitu in situ and post loading. Konsentrasi obat yang terloading ke dalam matriks hidrogel divariasikan yaitu 12.5 mg; 25 mg; 37.5 mg and 50 mg. Loading obat dengan metode in situ loading dilakukan dengan menambahkan obat sebelum penambahan agen pengikat silang, sedangkan post loading dilakukan dengan mengimersikan hidrogel ke dalam larutan obat. hidrogel yang terloading obat disebut mikrokapsul. Efisiensi enkapsulasi ditentukan dengan mengimeriskan mikrokapsul ke dalam larutan buffer pH 7,4. Hidrogel dikarakterisasi dilakukan dengan penentuan derajat ikat-silang , rasio swelling , spketrofotometer FTIR dan mikroskop stereo. Derajat ikat-silang dari kitosan, kitosan terikat-silang, kitosan-poly N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone semi-IPN dan kitosan-N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone full-IPN adalah 51.62 , 54.65 , 70.15 dan 77.23 . rasio swelling dari kitosan, kitosan terikat-silang, kitosan-poly N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone semi-IPN dan kitosan-N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone full-IPN adalah 4412.88 , 2118.01 , 1748.65 dan 441,38 selama 1 jam. Konsentrasi optimum loading obat 12.5 mg and 25 mg. Hidrogel terloading obat disebut mikrokapsul. Pelepasan mikrokapsul captopril in situ and post loading selama 12 jam menunjukkan pelepasan lambat. Profil pelepasan obat pada pH 1,2 dari matriks hidrogel kitosan dan kitosan terikat-silang in situ loading secara difusi dan degradasi, sedangkan semi-IPN and full-IPN in situ loading secara difusi, pada pH 7,4 pelepasan obat mikrokapsul in situ loading secara difusi. Profil pelepasan obat dari mikrokaspul post loading pada pH 1,2 dan 7,4 terjadi secara difusi diikuti erosi matriks hidrogel.

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Preparation chitosan interpenetrating polymer network modified hydrogels have been successfuly. It were chitosan, chitosan crosslinked, semi IPN chitosan poly N vinyl 2 pyrrolidone and full IPN chitosan N vinyl 2 pyrrolidone. These hydrogels were loaded by captropil. Captopril was loaded within hydrogel matrix using both in situ and post loading method. Concentration variation of drug loaded were 12.5 mg 25 mg 37.5 mg and 50 mg. At in situ loading, drug was loaded during synthesis of hydrogel before the addition of crosslinking agent, while at post loading method hydrogels were immersed into a drug solution. This hydrogels loaded captopril called microcapsul. Encapsulation efficiency was evaluated in pH 7.4 solution. Hydrogels characterization including crosslinking degree , swelling ratio , FTIR spectrophotometer and stereo microscope. Crosslinking degree of chitosan, chitosan crosslinked, semi IPN and full IPN hydrogels were found to be 51.62 , 54.65 , 70.15 and 77.23 respectively. Swelling ratio of chitosan, chitosan crosslinked, semi IPN and full IPN hydrogels were 4412.88 , 2118.01 , 1748.65 and 441,38 for 1 hour, respectively. The optimum drug concenration was 12.5 mg and 25 mg. Hydrogels loading drug called microcapsule. Release of captopril microcapsules by in situ and post loading shown that slow release for 12 hour. Profile of release drug from chitosan and chitosan crosslinked hydrogels by in situ loading at pH 1,2 through difussion and degradation, while semi IPN and full IPN hydrogels by in situ loading at pH 1,2 through difussion. At pH 7,4 of profile of release drug from microcapsules through difussion. Profile of release drug at pH 1,2 and 7,4 from microcapsules by post loading through difussion followed erotion.

Abstrak :
Metode semi-Interpenetrating Polymer Network (Semi-IPN) merupakan salah satu metode untuk mensintesis hidrogel. Pada metode semi-IPN, kitosan mengalami ikat silang dengan agen pengikat silang asetaldehida/ formaldehida/ glutaraldehida membentuk jaringan polimer kitosan terikat silang yang kemudian berinteraksi dengan polimer metil selulosa yang berbentuk linier. Umumnya derajat ikat silang dan rasio swelling hidrogel semi-IPN akan dipengaruhi oleh waktu reaksi, rasio komposisi kitosan-metil selulosa, dan jenis agen pengikat silang yaitu asetaldehida, formaldehida, dan glutaraldehida. Kemampuan swelling dan derajat ikat silang hidrogel kitosan-metil selulosa semi-IPN yang optimum didapat pada rasio kitosan/metil selulosa 60:40 (b/b), agen pengikat silang formaldehida 2% (b/b), dan waktu reaksi 3 jam yaitu persen rasio swelling 785,6 % dan derajat ikat silang 50,8 %. Hidrogel kitosan-metil selulosa dengan metode semi-IPN memiliki rasio swelling dan derajat ikat silang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan hidrogel kitosan nonkovalen. Karakterisasi hidrogel kitosan-metil selulosa semi-IPN dilakukan dengan instrumen Fourier Transfrom Infra Red (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), dan Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). ...... Semi-Interpenetrating Polymer Network (semi-IPN) method is one of many methods which used to synthesize hydrogels. In semi-IPN method, chitosan was crosslinked with crosslinking agent acetaldehyde/ formaldehyde/ glutaraldehyde to form crosslinked chitosan polymer network that will interracts with methyl cellulose polymer which have linear form. In general, degree of crosslinking and swelling ratio of semi-IPN hydrogels were influenced by reaction time, composition ratio of chitosan-methyl cellulose, and crosslinking agent acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, and glutaraldehyde. Swelling ability and degree of crosslinking of chitosan-methyl cellulose hydrogel with semi-IPN method optimally reach at chitosan/methyl cellulose ratio 60:40 (b/b) with formaldehyde crosslinking agent in 3 hours reaction time is 785,6 % swelling ratio and 50,8 % degree of crosslinking. Chitosan-methyl cellulose hydrogel with semi-IPN method has higher swelling ratio and degree of crosslinking compared to noncovalent chitosan hydrogel. Characterization of chitosan-methyl cellulose semi-IPN hydrogel using Fourier Transfrom Infra Red (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), dan Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) instrument.

Abstrak :
Metode IPN (Interpenetrating Polymer Network) baik semi maupun full IPNdapat digunakan untuk mensintesis hidrogel superabsorben (HSA) kitosan dan poli(N-vinil-kaprolaktam) (PNVCL) atau HSA kitosan-PNVCL. Pada metode full IPN jaringan polimer disintesis secara bertahap (sequential). Tahap pertama adalah sintesis jaringan polimer kitosan terikat silang asetaldehida dan homogenisasi dengan monomer N-vinil-kaprolaktam (NVCL) Tahap kedua adalah sintesis jaringan polimer PNVCL terikat silang N Nmetilenbisakrilamida (MBA) melalui polimerisasi radikal bebas monomer NVCL dengan inisiator amonium persulfat (APS) Hasil sintesis HSA kitosan-PNVCL full-IPN memiliki kekuatan struktur ikat silang dan kemampuan swelling yang baik Kekuatan struktur ikat silang meningkat dengan bertambahnya waktu reaksi, konsentrasi agen pengikat silang, inisiator, dan dipengaruhi rasio kitosan-PNVCL Kemampuan swelling HSA kitosan-PNVCL dengan kekuatan struktur ikat silang yang baik didapat pada rasio kitosan/PNVCL 70:30 (b/b %). HSA kitosan-PNVCL full-IPN memberikan persen derajat ikat silang yang tinggi (78,2%) dan kemampuan swelling yang baik (390,2%) Karakterisasi.

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The IPN (Interpenetrating Polymer Network) method, both semi and full IPN, can be used to synthesize chitosan and poly (N-vinyl-caprolactam) (PNVCL) superabsorbent hydrogels or HSA chitosan-PNVCL. In the full method of IPN polymer networks are synthesized sequentially. The first stage is the synthesis of crosslinked acetaldehyde chitosan polymer tissue and homogenization with N-vinyl-caprolactam (NVCL) monomer The second stage is synthesis of PNVCL polymer network bound by N Nmetilenbisakrilamida (MBA) through NVCL monomer free polymerization with ammonium persulfate (APS) initiator Synthesis of HSA chitosan-PNVCL full-IPN has crosslinked structure strength and good swelling ability The strength of crosslinking structure increases with increasing reaction time, concentration of crosslinking agent, initiator, and influenced by chitosan-PNVCL ratio Swelling ability of HSA chitosan-PNVCL with good cross-link structure strength is obtained at the chitosan / PNVCL ratio of 70:30 (b / b%). Full-IPN HSA chitosan-PNVCL gives a high percentage of crosslinking (78.2%) and good swelling ability (390.2%) Characterization Characterization.

Abstrak :
Hidrogel homopolimer poliakrilamida dan poli(N-metilol akrilamida) serta hidrogel IPN poliakrilamida-poli(N-metilol akrilamida) disintesis dengan menggunakan metode polimerisasi radikal bebas. Pada proses sintesis dilakukan variasi konsentrasi pengikat silang N,N'-metilen bis akrilamida (MBA) pada jaringan polimernya untuk mengetahui pengaruhnya terhadap swelling. Variasi konsentrasi pengikat silang menyebabkan perubahan matriks hidrogel sehingga rasio swelling akan berbeda. Proses polimerisasi berhasil, ditandai dengan hilangnya puncak C=C dan C-H sp² alkena pada FTIR. Uji swelling dilakukan pada suhu ruang dan variasi pH 3, 5, 7, 9, dan 12 selama 24 jam perendaman.  Hasil swelling hidrogel IPN ditemukan lebih tinggi dibandingkan hidrogel homopolimer dikarenakan keberadaan jaringan kedua. Swelling variasi pH pada hidrogel PNMA dan IPN mempunyai swelling tertinggi pada pH 5. Hidrogel dengan konsentrasi pengikat silang 1% untuk PAAm dan IPN PAAm serta konsentrasi pengikat silang 2% untuk PNMA dan IPN PNMA memiliki swelling tertinggi.

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Homopolymer hydrogel polyacrylamide and poly(N-methylol acrylamide) also IPN hydrogel polyacrylamide-poly(N-methylol acrylamide) were synthesized using the free radical polymerization method. In the synthesis process, variations of concentration N, N'-methylene bis acrylamide (MBA) crosslinkers were used on the polymer network to determine their effect on swelling behaviour. Variations of crosslinker concentration  caused changes in the hydrogel structure and thus the swelling ratio will be different. The polymerization process conducted successfully, which was marked by the loss of the C = C and C-H sp2 alkene peaks at FTIR. Swelling test were carried out at room temperature and pH 3, 5, 7, 9, and 12. The IPN hydrogel swelling ratio was found to be higher than homopolymer hydrogel due to the presence of the second network. The highest swelling behaviour in different pH for PNMA and IPN hydrogels was found at pH 5. Hydrogels with a crosslinking concentration of 1% for PAAm, IPN PAAm and 2% for PNMA, IPN PNMA had the highest swelling.

Abstrak :
Metode semi interpentrating polymer network (semi-IPN) merupakan metode yang digunakan untuk mensintesis hidrogel kitosan-poliNNDMAA. Pada metode ini, jaringan kitosan akan terikat silang dengan agen ikat silang lalu berinteraksi dengan jaringan polimer NNDMAA secara linear. Hasil sintesis memperlihatkan bahwa variasi penambahan monomer NNDMAA, agen ikat silang dan waktu reaksi akan menurunkan daya swelling dan meningkatkan derajat ikat silang. Rasio swelling dan derajat ikat silang optimum hidrogel kitosan poli NNDMAA semi-IPN terikat silang formaldehida didapatkan sebesar 545,64% dan 75,02% pada penambahan 25% berat NNDMAA dan waktu optimum pada 2 jam. Hidrogel kitosan poli NNDMAA semi-IPN terikat silang formaldehida memilki derajat ikat silang yang lebih besar jika dibandingkan terikat silang glutaraldehida maupun asetaldehida. Karakterisasi dilakukan dengan spektrofotometer Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calotimetry(DSC) dan Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).

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Method semi interpentrating polymer network (semi-IPN) is a method used to synthesize the chitosan hydrogel-poliNNDMAA. In this method, chitosan will crosslinked with a crosslink agent then interacts with the polymer network NNDMAA linearly. Synthesis results show that the variation of the addition of monomer NNDMAA, crosslink agents and reaction time will reduce swelling and increase the degree of crosslink. Swelling ratio and the degree of crosslink optimum chitosan hydrogel poly NNDMAA crosslinked semi-IPN formaldehyde obtained by 545.64% and 75.02% on addition of 25% by weight NNDMAA and optimum time at 2 hours. Chitosan hydrogel poly NNDMAA crosslinked semi-IPN formaldehyde have the degree of cross belt larger than glutaraldehyde cross-linked or acetaldehyde. Characterization is done by spectrophotometer Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calotimetry (DSC) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).