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"Attempts at developing a theory of international investment law are complicated by the fact that this field of international law is based on numerous, largely bilateral treaties and is implemented by arbitral panels established on a case-by-case basis. This suggests a fragmented and chaotic state of the law, with different levels of protection depending on the sources and targets of foreign investment flows. This book, however, forwards the thesis that international investment law develops, despite its bilateral form, into a multilateral system of law that backs up the functioning of a global market economy based on converging principles of investment protection. In discussing the function of most-favored-nation clauses, the possibilities of treaty-shopping and the impact of investor-State arbitration with its intensive reliance on precedent and other genuinely multilateral approaches to treaty interpretation, it offers a conceptual framework for understanding the nature and functioning of international investment law as a genuinely multilateral system."

"Decentralisation system in Indonesia was introduced after the fall of the former President Soehartowith the objective of ensuring good governance and equitable development across all regions inthe country. Unfortunately, the implementation of desentralisasi has been complicated. Somescholars have suggested that the model was flawed as it did not consider Indonesia’s context of lessdeveloped administrative institutions in the regions. Not only did desentralisasi cause headachesfor the government, it also created confusion for foreign investors. Consequently, it affects theinvestment climate in the country and undermines the perception of Indonesia as an attractiveplace to invest in. In certain cases, desentralisasi has also led to claims by foreign investors forinvestor-State arbitration under Indonesia’s international investment agreements (IIAs). Thispaper analyses the problems of desentralisasi in Indonesia, its effects to foreign investors andsuggests ways to alleviate the problems by modifying and using Indonesia’s IIAs effectively.Setelah jatuhnya rezim Soeharto, sistem pemerintahan desentralisasi mulai diterapkan diIndonesia dengan tujuan untuk memastikan tata kelola yang baik dan pembangunan yangadil di seluruh wilayah Republik Indonesia. Sayangnya, penerapan desentralisasi sangatlahsulit. Beberapa akademisi mengatakan bahwa model sistem desentralisasi yang diterapkan diIndonesia tidak sesuai dengan situasi di lapangan di Indonesia, khususnya di daerah-daerahyang belum mempunyai kantor-kantor administratif yang berfungsi dengan baik. Desentralisasimenimbulkan berbagai masalah bagi pemerintah dan membingungkan para investor asing.Akibatnya, desentralisasi memperburuk iklim investasi di Indonesia dan menimbulkan persepsinegatif mengenai Indonesia sebagai tempat berinvestasi. Dalam beberapa kasus tertentu,desentralisasi juga menyebabkan munculnya tuntutan-tuntutan oleh para investor asing diarbitrase antara investor dan Pemerintah berdasarkan perjanjian investasi internasional (PII)Indonesia. Makalah ini menganalisa masalah-masalah yang ditimbulkan oleh desentralisasi diIndonesia, efek-efeknya bagi para investor asing dan memberikan saran mengenai cara-carauntuk menangani beberapa masalah tersebut dengan mengubah dan menggunakan PII Indonesiasecara efektif."

"Hukum investasi internasional mencatat bahwa pemegang saham dari perseroan penanaman modal asing telah mengajukan gugatan shareholder reflective loss (“gugatan SRL”) terhadap negara tuan rumah, yakni gugatan atas tindakan negara tuan rumah yang merugikan perseroan tersebut yang seringkali menyebabkan timbulnya gugatan berganda (multiple claims). Penelitian ini menjelaskan tiga hal yaitu alasan-alasan perlunya pengaturan gugatan SRL dalam perjanjian investasi internasional; hal-hal yang menentukan diterima atau ditolaknya gugatan SRL oleh majelis arbitrase internasional; serta pengaturan gugatan SRL yang meminimalisir risiko gugatan berganda terhadap Indonesia sebagai negara tuan rumah. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan dan kasus dalam meninjau pengaturan gugatan SRL pada ketentuan perjanjian investasi internasional. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa terdapat setidaknya tiga alasan gugatan SRL perlu diatur. Ketiga alasan tersebut adalah untuk mengurangi praktik treaty shopping, meminimalisir gugatan berganda dan menghindari terjadinya pemulihan kerugian berganda oleh pemegang saham perseroan penamaman modal asing. Selain itu, penelitian juga menyimpulkan bahwa gugatan SRL diterima oleh majelis arbitrase karena tidak adanya pengaturan mengenai gugatan SRL pada perjanjian investasi internasional dan ditolak karena sempitnya definisi investor dan investasi dan batasan ruang lingkup berlaku pada perjanjian investasi internasional. Terakhir, penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa untuk mengurangi gugatan SRL terhadap Indonesia sebagai negara tuan rumah, diperlukan adanya pengaturan lain seperti rezim gugatan SRL khusus, ketentuan definisi investor dan investasi, ketentuan denial of benefits, ketentuan pengeyampingan, dan ketentuan konsolidasi dan daluwarsa dalam perjanjian investasi internasional. Hal ini karena aturan gugatan SRL yang dapat melindungi negara tuan rumah tidak dapat berdiri sendiri tetapi harus dikaitkan dengan ketentuan lain.

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International investment law has witnessed that shareholders of foreign investment companies have submitted shareholder reflective loss claims (“SRL claims”) against host States, namely claims challenging the host State’s measure that has injured the company which often result in multiple claims. This study explains three issues, namely the reasons for the regulation of SRL claims in international investment agreements; the factors that determine arbitral tribunals’ acceptance and rejection of SRL claims; and the appropriate regulation of SRL claims that can minimalize the risk of multiple claims against Indonesia as a host State. This study uses judicial normative method and statutory and case-based approach in evaluating the regulation of SRL claims in international investment agreements. The results of the study conclude that there are at least three reasons for the regulation of SRL claims. These three reasons include reducing treaty shopping, minimizing multiple claims and avoiding the occurrence of double recovery by shareholders of the foreign investment company. Apart from this, this study also concludes that arbitral tribunals accept SRL claims due to the lack of regulation on SRL claims and reject SRL claims based on the narrow definition of investors, investments and the scope of the international investment agreement. Lastly, this study concludes that to minimize multiple claims against Indonesia as a host State, there is the need for other provisions such as a special SRL claim regime, investor and investment definition provision, denial of benefits provision, waiver provision, consolidation and statute of limitations provision in international investment agreements. This is because SRL claims cannot be regulated independently, but rather need to be linked to other provisions. "

"Pengenalan The Third Version of The Draft Code memperkenalkan tiga metode yang diusulkan untuk mengatur double hatting dalam arbitrase investasi internasional. Pilihannya adalah "full prohibition", "modified prohibition", dan "disclosure with option to challenge". Diskusi telah muncul mengenai opsi mana yang paling sesuai dengan praktik dalam arbitrase investasi internasional yang telah membahas masalah double hatting dalam beberapa kasus. Skripsi ini menggunakan penelitian hukum normatif yang meliputi kajian doktrinal, yaitu kajian dan analisis terhadap doktrin-doktrin yang dianut oleh para sarjana hukum, serta dokumen-dokumen hukum yang relevan seperti yurisprudensi, perjanjian internasional. Setelah berkonsultasi dengan undang-undang kasus yang berhubungan dengan masalah pemalsuan topi, pedoman internasional, serta pendapat para sarjana pembenci ganda sebagai praktik tidak dilarang, melainkan keadaan khusus seputar pemalsuan topi adalah penyebab kekhawatiran terbesar. Selama seorang arbiter yang menjalankan peran ganda tidak menghalangi independensi atau ketidakberpihakan mereka, praktik itu sendiri diperbolehkan. Oleh karena itu, opsi "modified prohibition" akan paling cocok karena memberikan larangan yang ditargetkan terhadap keadaan yang telah terbukti menciptakan penampilan atau menunjukkan kurangnya independensi atau ketidakberpihakan.

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The introduction of The Third Version of The Draft Code introduces three proposed methods of regulating double hatting within international investment arbitration. The options are “full prohibition”, “modified prohibition”, and “disclosure with option to challenge”. Discussions have arisen concerning which option best fits with practice in international investment arbitration that has already addressed the issue of double hatting in several cases. This thesis shall utilize normative legal research which includes doctrinal study, meaning the study and analysis of doctrines adopted by legal scholars, as well as relevant legal documents such as jurisprudence, international agreements. After consulting case laws dealing with the issue of double hatting, international guidelines, as well as the opinions of scholars double hatting as a practice is not prohibited, but rather the specific circumstances surrounding double hatting are the biggest cause of concern. So long as an arbitrator practicing multiple roles does not impede on their independence or impartiality the practice itself is permissible. Therefore, a “modified prohibition” option would be best suited as it provides targeted prohibitions toward circumstances that have been proven to create an appearance or manifest lack of independence or impartiality."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis prinsip dan standard fair and equitable treatment FET dalam kerangka hukum investasi internasional dan menganalisis interpretasi prinsip FET pada sengketa investasi internasional terutama dalam sengketa yang melibatkan Indonesia untuk kemudian dijadikan suatu pembelajaran dan materi evaluasi bagi kebijakan hukum Indonesia mengenai investasi asing di masa yang akan datang. Prinsip FET sebagai prinsip fundamental dalam hukum investasi internasional sudah dipraktekkan secara global. Tetapi, prinsip yang bertujuan untuk menjaga dan memberikan perlakuan sama rata dan non-diskriminatif terhadap investor dan investasi asing ini tidak luput dari permasalahan hukum. Ragam klausula FET di tiap perjanjian investasi internasional menimbulkan multiinterpretasi mengenai standard keberlakuan FET terutama dalam sengketa investasi internasional. Dalam kerangka hukum investasi internasional terdapat beberapa klasifikasi standard FET: FET sebagai ldquo;FET unqualified rdquo;/FET sebagai autonomous/ independent standard, FET sebagai customary international law minimum standard dan FET mencakup standard lainnya seperti salah satu contohnya full protection and security FPS . Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode doktrinal melalui studi kepustakaan. Melalui penelitian ini, kesimpulan yang diraih adalah klasifikasi FET sebagai customary international law minimum standard merupakan standard yang menjadi preferensi investor dan juga host States dan pengaturan hukum Indonesia mengenai investasi asing masih lemah dan belum berhasil mengakomodir perkembangan hukum investasi internasional. Langkah strategis untuk memperbaiki dan memperkuat pengaturan hukum investasi asing di Indonesia diperlukan agar posisi dan kepentingan Indonesia sebagai host States lebih solid tanpa melanggar hak-hak investor asing terutama hak asasi yang mendasar.

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This research aims to scrutinize and to provide answers to three matters the workings of principle of fair and equitable treatment FET within the framework of international investment law, the rationale and approach of FET interpretation in investment disputes, especially those involving Indonesia, and also possible update s or reform s for Indonesia rsquo s future investment policies. Without a doubt, FET has become and is a fundamental principle in international investment law hence its global practice. Contemporary international investment law recognises some FET classifications ldquo FET unqualified rdquo FET as autonomous independent standard, FET as customary international law minimum standard and FET that embraces other standards of treatment such as full protection and security FPS among others. However, FET existence to guard and guarantee equitable and non discriminative measures toward foreign investor and investment is inevitably exposed to legal problem s . Due to different wordings and classifications of FET, different arbitral tribunals subsequently produced multiple interpretations of FET. In essential, the research employs doctrinal method and library based research method. As reflected in the research, one may see that FET as customary international law minimum standard is a much favoured standard by host States and foreign investors alike. One may also see that there are weaknesses in Indonesia foreign investment policies thus strategic moves are necessary to be made in order to update and strengthen Indonesia rsquo s interests and position as host States without putting basic rights of foreign investor in jeopardy."