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"Since it first developed, the law of war has focused on protecting human beings. It prioritises human protection by controlling the conduct of belligerents in order to minimise human injuries and casualties.However, the consequences of war are seldom limited to human casualties. War also causes major destruction to the environment. This article shows that despite prioritising human protection, internationallaw provides a significant number of rules to protect the environment during armed conflicts. Contrary to claims that existing rules are insufficient, the law of war adequately safeguards the environment during armed conflicts by prohibiting certain military activities that may cause significant damage to the environment. Furthermore, there are peacetime regulations that may continue to bind belligerents in times of war."

"Kebutuhan akan kriteria konflik bersenjata non-internasional di bawah hukum humaniter internasional menjadi semakin penting dalam lingkup konflik bersenjata karena meningkatnya prevelansi konflik bersenjata non-internasional. Berbeda dengan konflik bersenjata internasional, yang memiliki kewajiban perlindungan humaniter yang lebih komprehensif di bawah hukum humaniter internasional, konflik bersenjata non-internasional memiliki perlindungan humaniter yang jauh lebih sedikit, yang ditemukan di Pasal 3 Konvensi Genewa Tahun 1949 dan Protokol Tambahan II. Melihat meningkatnya jumlah konflik bersenjata non-internasional, penentuan sifat sebuah konflik bersenjata menjadi sangat penting untuk menerapkan perlindungan kemanusiaan yang sesuai. Oleh karena itu, skripsi ini akan membahas kriteria yang digunakan untuk menentukan keberadaan konflik bersenjata non-internasional berdasarkan Pasal 3 Konvensi Genewa Tahun 1949, Protokol Tambahan II, dan yurisprudensi pengadilan-pengadilan pidana internasional, termasuk ICTY, ICTR, SCSL, dan ICC. Dengan mengevaluasi instrument-instrumen tersebut dan penerapannya dalam yurisprudensi, skripsi ini bertujuan untuk memperjelas kriteria yang digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi keberadaan konflik bersenjata non-internasional guna menentukan perlindungan kemanusiaan yang berlaku.

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The need for a clearly defined threshold of non-international armed conflict under international humanitarian law has become has become increasingly important in the landscape of armed conflicts due to the increasing prevalence of non-international armed conflicts. Unlike international armed conflicts that enjoys a more comprehensive humanitarian obligations under international humanitarian law, non-international armed conflict enjoys far less humanitarian protections that are mainly found in Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and its Additional Protocol II. Given the increasing numbers of non-international armed conflicts, determining the nature of an armed conflict is essential to apply the appropriate humanitarian protections. Therefore, this thesis shall assess the threshold used for determining the existence of a non-international armed conflict under Common Article 3, Additional Protocol II, and the case laws of international criminal tribunals, including the ICTY, ICTR, SCSL, and the ICC. By assessing such instruments and their application in case laws, this thesis aims to clarify the threshold used to identify the existence of a non-international armed conflict in order to determine the applicable humanitarian protections. "