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"[Caesalpinia sappan L. lignum atau kayu secang adalah anggota sukuFabaceae. Kayu secang secara empiris dapat mengobati berbagai penyakit yang berkaitan dengan gangguan pembuluh darah. Penelitian sebelumnya menyatakan bahwa ekstrak kayu secang dapat menghambat aktivitas enzim arginase. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi dan mengidentifikasi senyawa dengan aktivitas penghambatan terhadap enzim arginase secara in vitro. Isolasi dilakukan berdasarkan bioassay-guided isolation dengan kromatografi kolom. Dari ekstrak etil asetat didapatkan subfraksi dengan potensi penghambatan terhadap enzim arginase, yaitu subfraksi J dan K yang masing-masing mempunyai nilai IC50 67,02 μg/mL dan 75,57 μg/mL. Identifikasi golongan senyawa menunjukkan subfraksi J dan K mengandung senyawa golongan flavonoid dan terpenoid. Dariekstrak metanol didapatkan isolat dengan IC50 265,03 μg/mL. Hasil elusidasi struktur isolat dari data spektroskopi UV-Vis, IR, MS, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, dan 2D-NMR menunjukkan bahwa isolat tersebut adalah 2-(3,4-dihidroksifenil)-3,5,7-trihidroksikroman-4-on atau kuersetin.;Caesalpinia sappan L. lignum or kayu secang is the member of Fabaceae family. Kayu secang is empirically used as a treatment for various disease related to vascular dysfunction. Previous research reported that the extract of kayu secang was able to inhibit arginase enzyme activity. This research’s aim is to isolate and identicate compound with arginase inhibitory activity in vitro. Isolation isconducted based on bioassay-guided isolation by column chromatography. From ethyl acetate extract, potential inhibition of arginase enzyme activity was exhibited by subfraction J and K with IC50 67,02 μg/mL and 75,57 μg/mL, respectively. Identification showed that subfraction J and K contains flavonoid and terpenoid compounds. From methanol extract, there is an isolate with IC50 265,03 μg/mL. Structure elucidation by spectroscopy UV-Vis, IR, MS, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and 2D-NMR showed that the isolate is 2-(3,4-dihidroksifenil)-3,5,7-trihidroksikroman-4-on or quercetin;Caesalpinia sappan L. lignum or kayu secang is the member of Fabaceaefamily. Kayu secang is empirically used as a treatment for various disease relatedto vascular dysfunction. Previous research reported that the extract of kayu secangwas able to inhibit arginase enzyme activity. This research’s aim is to isolate andidenticate compound with arginase inhibitory activity in vitro. Isolation isconducted based on bioassay-guided isolation by column chromatography. Fromethyl acetate extract, potential inhibition of arginase enzyme activity wasexhibited by subfraction J and K with IC50 67,02 μg/mL and 75,57 μg/mL,respectively. Identification showed that subfraction J and K contains flavonoidand terpenoid compounds. From methanol extract, there is an isolate with IC50265,03 μg/mL. Structure elucidation by spectroscopy UV-Vis, IR, MS, 1H-NMR,13C-NMR, and 2D-NMR showed that the isolate is 2-(3,4-dihidroksifenil)-3,5,7-trihidroksikroman-4-on or quercetin, Caesalpinia sappan L. lignum or kayu secang is the member of Fabaceaefamily. Kayu secang is empirically used as a treatment for various disease relatedto vascular dysfunction. Previous research reported that the extract of kayu secangwas able to inhibit arginase enzyme activity. This research’s aim is to isolate andidenticate compound with arginase inhibitory activity in vitro. Isolation isconducted based on bioassay-guided isolation by column chromatography. Fromethyl acetate extract, potential inhibition of arginase enzyme activity wasexhibited by subfraction J and K with IC50 67,02 μg/mL and 75,57 μg/mL,respectively. Identification showed that subfraction J and K contains flavonoidand terpenoid compounds. From methanol extract, there is an isolate with IC50265,03 μg/mL. Structure elucidation by spectroscopy UV-Vis, IR, MS, 1H-NMR,13C-NMR, and 2D-NMR showed that the isolate is 2-(3,4-dihidroksifenil)-3,5,7-trihidroksikroman-4-on or quercetin]"

"Riset oleh Eller, Koschate, dan Gilson (2011) tidak menunjukkan arah dari pengaruh audiens dan menggunakan imajinasi dalam tahap pengoleksian data. Studi ini mengisi celah penelitian tersebut dan memakai tugas membaca yang berdasarkan model evaluation apprehension. 40 partisipan dari latar belakang yang berbeda-beda direkrut. Komposisinya terdiri atas 20 penutur Bahasa Inggris asli dan 20 penutur yang tidak asli. Kedua kelompok ditempatkan pada kondisi dengan audiens atau tanpa audiens. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa penutur asli tampil lebih baik disbanding penutur yang tidak asli. Ditemukan juga bahwa tidak ada perbedaan signifikan antara grup yang membaca di depan audiens dengan yang tidak. Hasil ini berlaku untuk semua kelompok penutur. Implikasi dan penjelasan teori alternatif didiskusikan.

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Eller, Koschate, and Gilson’s (2011) study did not showcase audience effect’s direction and utilised imagination for data-collecting. This study addressed those gaps and employed a reading task based on the evaluation apprehension model. 40 participants of varying backgrounds were recruited. It comprised of 20 native English speakers and 20 non-native speakers. Both groups were assigned to either audience present or no audience condition. Results showed that native speakers did better than non-native speakers. It also showed that there was no significant difference between those who read in front of an audience and those who did not. This applied to both speaker groups. Implications and alternatives on the theory were discussed. Keywords: audience, evaluation, facilitation, fluency, inhibition."

"3-Chymotrypsine-Like Protease (3CLpro) adalah enzim yang memiliki fungsi utama dalam siklus hidup Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Enzim ini dapat digunakan sebagai target protein untuk mencari obat baru. Tanaman herbal diharapkan memiliki kontribusi besar dalam pencegahan dan pengobatan Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), karena banyak tanaman herbal mungkin memiliki afinitas yang kuat terhadap 3CLpro dalam pengobatan COVID-19. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji aktivitas penghambatan, komponen fitokimia, dan antioksidan ekstrak sembilan tanaman herbal yang diekstraksi dengan metode Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE) yang berpotensi menghambat rekombinan SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro secara in vitro. Sebagai hasilnya, dapat digunakan untuk menemukan kandidat obat baru untuk terapi COVID-19. Penentuan aktivitas antioksidan menggunakan metode DPPH dan ABTS, total polifenol dan total flavonoid menggunakan metode Folin Ciocalteu dan quercetin. Dari sembilan tanaman herbal yang diuji, daun Jamblang (Syzygium cumini) memiliki aktivitas penghambatan paling aktif dengan nilai penghambatan 3CLpro (IC50 = 226 μg/ml) dengan total polifenol 413±1,83 mg GAE/g ekstrak dan total flavonoid sebesar 12,09 ±0,03 mg QE/g ekstrak. Pengukuran aktivitas antioksidan dengan DPPH diperoleh nilai IC50 sebesar 3,75 ± 0,01 μg/ml, dan dengan ABTS diperoleh nilai IC50 4,43±0,06 μg/ml. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa daun Jamblang bisa menjadi sumber potensial anti-COVID.

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The 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) is an enzyme that has a major function in the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) life cycle. It has the potential to be used as a protein target in the search for novel medications. Herbal plants contribute to the prevention and treatment of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19), as many of them might have a strong affinity for 3CLpro in the treatment of COVID-19. This study was aimed at screening nine herbal plant extracts for their potential in inhibiting recombinant SARS-CoV-2’s 3CLpro, as well as determining the phytochemical components and antioxidant activity of the most effective extract. Extracts were prepared from Phyllanthus niruri, Sonchus arvensis, Clitoria terntea, Caesalpinia sappan, Syzygium polyanthum, Psidium guajava, Averrhoa carambola, Andrographis paniculata, and Syzygium cumini. The extracts were used to perform the 3CLpro enzyme inhibition assay. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were determined from the extract with the most inhibitory activity. The DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2'-azinobis [3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid]) methods were utilized for estimating the antioxidant activity of the extract. From the nine herbal plants screened, Syzygium cumini had the most effective inhibitory activity with a value of 3CLpro (IC50 = 226 μg/ml). The TPC and TFC were 413±1.83 mgGAE/g extract and 12.091±0.037 mgQE/g extract, respectively. The IC50 values for the antioxidant activity recorded for the DPPH and ABTS methods were 3.75±0.0149 and 4.43±0.06 μg/ml, respectively. The findings of this study suggest that Syzygium cumini leaves could be a potential source of COVID-19 medication."

"Tingginya insiden infeksi demam berdarah yang terjadi dan tidak adanya vaksin efektif menyebabkan banyak peneliti mencoba ekstrak tumbuhan sebagai pengobatan alternatif pada virus Dengue (DENV). Curcumin merupakan salah satu ekstrak tumbuhan yang telah dibuktikan memiliki efek antiviral. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah curcumin memiliki efek antiviral pada virus dengue. Oleh karena itu dilakukan tes untuk mengetahui persen hambatan curcumin pada replikasi DENV dan efek cytotoxic curcumin pada sel mamalia. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental yang dilakukan di Departemen Mikrobiologi FKUI. Pada penelitian ini terdapat enam kelompok yaitu perlakuan oleh curcumin dengan empat konsentrasi yang berbeda kontrol negatif dan juga Dimethil Sulfoxide (DMSO). Data yang didapatkan dari eksperimen ini akan dianalisis dengan metode T-test. Dari hasil penelitian terlihat bahwa curcumin terbukti dapat menghambat replikasi virus dengue. Pemberian dosis yang lebih tinggi dapat menghambat 100% replikasi virus. Pada saat konsentrasi curcumin diturunkan, maka penghambatan replikasi DENV secara dratis menurun. Dari data tersebut IC50 dari curcumin diperoleh yaitu kurang dari 0.1 µg/ml. Hasil data menunjukkan bahwa efek cytotoxic curcumin pada sel sangat signifikan pada kosentrasi yang tinggi. Pada konsentrasi yang lebih rendah, viabilitas sel terhitung lebih tinggi. Dari data tersebut dapat dihitung nilai CC50 yaitu 3,46 µg/ml. Dengan membandingkan nilai CC50 dan IC50 dari curcumin, didapatkan nilai selectivity index yaitu lebih dari 34. Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa curcumin dapat digunakan sebagai antiviral virus dengue di masa mendatang.

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The high incidence of dengue virus infection and also the absence of effective vaccine cause researchers to look up to use the natural extract as the alternative remedy against the dengue virus (DENV). Curcumin is one of the natural extracts that has already proven to have antiviral effect. The objective of this study experiment aimed to see whether curcumin can be used as the antiviral against dengue virus. Several experiments were conducted to obtain the percentage of inhibition of DENV replication and also to determine the cytotoxic effect of curcumin to mammalian cells. This study was an experimental study that had been conducted at Microbiology Departement of Faculty Medicine of Universitas Indonesia. In this experiment, there were six treatment groups such as four different concentrations of curcumin, negative control and Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The data from this study were analyzed using T-test method. From this study, the curcumin had been proven to successfully inhibit the replication of dengue virus. The treatment with higher dose of curcumin could totally inhibit the replication of DENV. When we gave less dose of curcumin, the percentage inhibition dropped significantly. This showed that inhibition by curcumin was in dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, from these data we determined the IC50 of curcumin which was less than 0.1 µg/ml. The CC50 of curcumin was 3,46µg/ml. By comparing the result of CC50 and IC50, we found the selectivity index value was more than 34. From this study, it can be concluded that Curcumin can be used as antiviral against dengue virus in the future."

"Propolis adalah senyawa resin yang mengandung flavonoid yang memiliki potensi hambat untuk aktivitas enzim glukosiltransferase dalam pembentukan biofilm Streptococcus mutans dan Enterococcus faecalis. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis efektivitas obat kumur yang mengandung ekstrak propolis dan obat kumur yang tidak mengandung ekstrak propolis terhadap bakteri Streptococcus mutansdan Enterococcus faecalis. Biofilm Streptococcus mutansdan Enterococcus faecalisdiinkubasi selama 4 jam, 12 jam dan 24 jam pada suhu 37ºC. Ketiga model biofilm dipapar obat kumur yang mengandung ekstrak propolis dengan konsentrasi 0.1ml/ml, 0.05ml/ml, 0.025ml/ml. Persentase inhibisi dinilai dengan menggunakan MTT assay. Persentase inhibisi tertinggi pada konsentrasi 0.1ml/ml dalam waktu inkubasi 4 jam. Propolis mampu menghambat biofilm Streptococcus mutansdan Enterococcus faecalisdalam berbagai fase pembentukan.

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Propolis is a resin compound as an antibacterial agent containing flavonoids which can inhibit glucosiltransferase activity and inhibit the formation of biofilm of Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis. Analyzing the effectiveness inhibition of propolis mouthwash against Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis bacteria and comparing it with mouthwash that does not contain propolis. Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis biofilms were incubated for 4 hours, 12 hours and 24 hours at 37ºC. The three biofilm models were exposed to propolis with a concentration of 0.1ml/ml, 0.5ml/ml, 0.025ml/ml. The inhibition was assessed using the MTT assay. The highest inhibition percentage was at a concentration of 0.1ml/ml in a 4 hour incubation time. Propolis is able to inhibit Streptococcus mutans biofilms and Enterococcus faecalis in various phases of formation."

"ABSTRACTCompared with conventional nitrification and denitrification processes, Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation (Anammox) has the potential to be an innovative, cost-effective, suitable alternative to processing nitrogen waste (Zhang, 2016), however, Anammoxbased processes are limited from being fully implemented in the industry due to slow growth rates, low cell yields, and high variable responses to external environment (Yu, 2016). The purpose of this research is assessing the inhibitory effects of copper (Cu2+) on activity of Candidatus Brocadia Anammoxidans. Multiple batch toxicity tests are used to determine the stimulative and inhibitive behaviour of Anammox activity under copper concentrations of 0, 2.5, 5, 10, and 15 mg/L, and under exposure periods of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 24 hours. Its observed that the inhibition across increasing concentration of copper increases as the exposure period increases. Under longer exposure period to Copper, the degree of which Anammox is inhibited will increase. Its been observed that Anammox is unrecoverable when exposed to copper concentrations of greater than 2.5 mg/L and exposed for longer than 4 hours. The IC50 values (the concentration of Copper inhibiting 50% of Anammox activity) for Four, Six, Eight, and Twenty-Four hour exposure periods are 8.30 mg/L, 3.92 mg/L, 4.32 mg/L, and 0.11 mg/L, respectively. This indicates that Anammox is sensitive to the level of copper in the median and the length of time it exposed to copper, as well as exhibiting unrecoverable inhibition under conditions stated previously. The main findings from this study will help aid in further improving the implementation of Anammox based processes in treatment of nitrogen rich effluents.

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ABSTRAKDibandingkan dengan proses nitrifikasi dan denitrifikasi konvensional, Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation (Anammox) memiliki potensi untuk menjadi alternatif yang inovatif, hemat biaya, dan cocok untuk pengolahan limbah nitrogen (Zhang, 2016). Namun, proses berbasis amonia terbatas untuk sepenuhnya diimplementasikan di industri karena tingkat pertumbuhan yang lambat, hasil sel yang rendah, dan respons variabel yang tinggi terhadap lingkungan eksternal (Yu, 2016). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menilai efek penghambatan tembaga (Cu2+) pada aktivitas Candidatus Brocadia Anammoxidans. Beberapa tes toksisitas digunakan untuk mengukur aktivitas pada konsentrasi tembaga 0, 2,5, 5, 10, dan 15 mg/L, dalam periode paparan 2, 4, 6, 8, dan 24 jam. Diamati bahwa penghambatan peningkatan konsentrasi tembaga meningkat dengan bertambahnya periode paparan. Di bawah periode paparan Tembaga yang lebih panjang, tingkat di mana Anammox terhambat akan meningkat. Telah diamati bahwa Anammox tidak dapat dipulihkan ketika terpapar dengan konsentrasi tembaga lebih besar dari 2.5mg/L lebih dari 4 jam. Nilai IC50 (konsentrasi tembaga yang menghambat 50% aktivitas anammox) untuk periode paparan 4, 6, 8, dan 24 jam masing-masing adalah 8,30 mg/L,3,92 mg/L, 4,32 mg/L, 4,32 mg/L, dan 0,11 mg/L. Ini menunjukkan bahwa Anammox sensitif terhadap tingkat tembaga di median dan lamanya waktu paparan pada tembaga, dan juga tidak dapat dipulihkan dalam kondisi yang telah dinyatakan sebelumnya. Temuan utama dari penelitian ini akan membantu dalam implementasi proses berbasis Anammox dalam penanganan limbah yang kaya akan nitrogen."

"Efek dari dukungan penonton terhadap performa seseorang dalam berbagai tingkat kesulitan belum pernah diteliti sebelumnya. Oleh karena itu, focus utama penelitian ini adalah untuk meneliti efek dari dukungan penonton terhadap performa sesorang pada dua tingkat kesulitan. Kami ingin mengetahui apakah dukungan dari penonton dapat membantu performa (social facilitation) atau malah merusak performa (social inhibition) seseorang. Partisipan penelitian ini adalah 20 mahasiswa dengan mean umur 19.6. Studi ini ialah studi 2 (diberi dukungan atau tidak) x 2 (tugas yang rumit atau mudah) pengukuran berulang. Kami memprediksi bahwa performa partisipan yang diberi dukungan akan lebih buruk dibanding apabila tidak diberi dukungan. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa hipotesis kami teruji dan mendukung studi-studi terdahulu. Hasil dari penelitian ini dapat langsung diterapkan oleh performer, suporter atau pendukung.

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The effect of supportive audience in different levels of task had not yet been examined and this is why the aim of this study was to examine the effect of audience support in a two-level of task difficulty. The main focus is to see whether audience support helps (social facilitation) or impairs (social inhibition) performance. The participants were 20 university students with the mean age of 19.6. The study was a 2 (supported and non-supported) x 2 (complex and easy task) repeated measures. It is predicted that those who were supported did worse in both the complex and easy task. It was found that no matter the support condition, participants in the easy task did better than those in complex task. It was also found that in the support condition, participants who did complex task resulted worse than those in easy task. The results support past studies and could be practically applied by performers, audiences or supporters. "

"Kehadiran penonton dapat mempengaruhi performa individu dalam bidang olahraga (audience effects). Selain itu, kepribadian individu dan tipe olahraga yang dilakukan juga mempengaruhi performa keolahragaan. Studi ini menginvestigasi bagaimana audience effects dapat mempengaruhi individu dengan level neuroticism atau kecemasan tertentu dalam melakukan olahraga yang sederhana. Tiga puluh sembilan mahasiswa direkrut untuk melakukan tugas melempar bola dalam situasi adanya penonton atau tidak ada penonton. Level neuroticism diukur dengan menggunakan Eysenck Personality Test. Studi ini memprediksi bahwa partisipan dengan neuroticism yang lebih rendah akan meraih skor lebih tinggi dalam situasi adanya penonton, sedangkan partisipan dengan neuroticism tinggi akan meraih skor lebih tinggi tanpa kehadiran penonton. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan keberadaan penonton menurunkan performa partisipan dengan level neuroticism tinggi dan rendah secara paralel, sedangkan partisipan dengan level neuroticism tinggi meraih skor lebih tinggi dalam situasi tanpa penonton. Dalam keolahragaan, kehadiran penonton dapat mempengaruhi performa individu secara unik sesuai kepribadian individu tersebut. Studi ini hanya mendukung satu hipotesis sehingga studi lanjutan dalam area ini harus dilakukan.

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The presence of an audience could impact an individual`s sporting performance. Individuals with personalities such as high self-esteem and extraversion are often found to perform well in sporting tasks where the audience is present. Because there is a lack of studies on the effects of neuroticism on audience effects, the current study aimed to investigate the effects of neuroticism on audience effects in a simple sports-related task. 39 university students were asked to perform a ball throwing task in an audience or no audience condition. Neuroticism level was measured using the Eysenck Personality Test. The current study hypothesised that participants with lower neuroticism would perform better in audience condition, while participants with higher neuroticism will have impaired performance output. Results showed that there was a significant effect of the presence of an audience in both higher and lower neuroticism, suggesting that despite the level of neuroticism, participants perform better in no audience condition. Thus, only one hypothesis was supported, suggesting that future research should address more careful study on this topic."