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"The gas usage for household is less than gas usage for industries. PGN gas is delivered to industrial sector greater than 98%, while household sector less than 2%. Laclt of gas distribution infastructure to the customer location is a constraint for exploiting of gas. ln this stuay, investment pattern to develop the gas distribution pipeline was investigated for energy substitution of BEM in the household sector on the chance to decrease subsidy. As the case study, some house estate in Tangerang were selected which are house estate of I. Angkasa Pura 2; II. Batuceper Permai and Polri Batuceper both are existed in Batuceper Ward; III Kehakiman, Kehakiman 1 and Kehakiman 2 in Tangerang Word; and IV. Simprug di Poris, Tamara Porisgaga, Taman Poris, Poris Indah and Cipondoh Makmur in Cipondoh Ward. By using software of Oil Gas and of Economic Model (OGEM) economics calculation for getting gas distribution fee is done. For estimating government investment aid the approach of gas price is equal to kerosene price as Rp 2.700,- per litre that assumed as willingness to pay of the society. The calculation result shows that financing aid from the Government is still needed for the development of gas distribution pipeline for each selected location are 55% ,65%, 40% and 30%. Government participation on the investment for developing pipeline will save in this case no more subsidy starting on 28%, 41", 15"}? and 12nd month .The project will attract for the investor if it has certainty level in the investation feasibility at least equal to 80%. In this study by using Crystal Ball simulation, with the certainty level 80% yielding lRR about 19% which is indicating that cultivation of investment is being feasible."

"From an economic growth perspective, infrastructure is not only an enabling factor for development or forfacilitating private investments and competitiveness across all sectors of national and regional economies, butcan also be an attractive investment opportunity in itself. Although infrastructure investment opportunitiesare plentiful across developing countries, investors are not fully seizing them, often due to gaps in the enabling environment for such investment. The infrastructure sector presents specific risks to private investors,and since private participation in infrastructure delivery is a relatively recent form of procurement in manycountries, governments do not necessarily have the experience and capacity needed to effectively manage theserisks. Beyond case-by-case project preparation and financing, concrete, implementation-oriented guidance thatcan help governments identify and manage reforms is needed to make the broader infrastructure investmentenvironment more open to private participation."

"This paper considers the nature of assessing productivity and effectiveness in infrastructure investment in the context of governments? increasing investment in new infrastructure. Taking the case of energy infrastructure investment within Indonesia, this paper makes three contributions: (i) develops a model for assessing infrastructure productivity based on landscape, regime and niche-level changes, (ii) suggests the interconnection between these levels based on sequencing multi-level changes over time, and (iii) shows the role of supply and demand side initiatives in enabling new infrastructure investment is evaluated. AbstrakArtikel ini mempertimbangkan sifat dari penilaian produktivitas dan efektivitas pada investasi infrastruktur dalam rangka peningkatan investasi pemerintah pada infrastruktur baru. Dengan menggunakan kasus investasi infrastruktur energi di Indonesia, artikel ini menghasilkan tiga hal: (i) nembangun model untuk menilai produktivitas infrastruktur berdasarkan perubahan dari lanskap, rezim, dan perubahan di level yang tepat, (ii) menunjukkan interkoneksi antar level-level tersebut berdasarkan perubahan multi-level yang berurutan dari waktu ke waktu, dan (iii) menunjukkan peran dari inisiatif sisi penawaran dan permintaan yang memungkinkan investasi infrastruktur baru untuk dievaluasi."

"This article proposes a tax sharing scheme between governments and private sector investors of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) infrastructure. The current COVID-19 pandemic has not only emphasized the crucial need of ICT infrastructure development, but has also expanded government budget deficits in many countries. Therefore, participation from the private sectors is necessary to close the widening investment gap in ICT infrastructure. One of the measures to attract private sectors’ involvement in ICT infrastructure is by creating a steady stream of income for the investors. To ensure the success of the proposed financing scheme, this article also recommends the development of supporting hard and soft infrastructure as well as the digitalization of tax reporting systems."