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Awaludin Aji Riadi
"[ABSTRAK
Pajak di Indonesia merupakan kontributor terbesar total penerimaan pemerintah, sementara pajak penghasilan orang pribadi (PPh OP) hanya berkontribusi sekitar 10% dari total penerimaan pajak nasional. Banyak peneliti yang telah menguji hubungan antara tarif progresif PPh OP dan ketimpangan pendapatan. Penelitian ini menginvestigasi dampak dari tarif progresif PPh OP terhadap distribusi pendapatan di Indonesia menggunakan data mikro Susenas 2006 dan 2011. Dengan dekomposisi data Susenas berdasarkan faktor komponen: pengeluaran konsumsi, pajak penghasilan, dan tabungan, efek dari perubahan komponen tersebut terhadap ketimpangan total pendapatan dapat diketahui. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa satu persen kenaikan komponen PPh OP di Indonesia cenderung untuk meningkatkan indeks Gini ketimpangan total pendapatan sebesar 1,4% di 2006 dan 1,8% di 2011. Hasil ini mengindikasikan bahwa struktur PPh OP tahun 2011 sedikit berkontribusi terhadap meningkatnya ketimpangan pendapatan. Dengan kata lain, PPh OP di Indonesia memiliki efek meningkatkan indeks Gini dari ketimpangan total pendapatan. Namun, komponen pengeluaran konsumsi memiliki efek menurunkan indeks Gini sampai dengan 6,4%.

ABSTRACT
Tax in Indonesia contributes as the largest share to total government revenue while personal income tax (PIT) only contributes nearly 10 percent to total national tax revenue. Many researchers have tried to examine the correlation between progressive personal income taxation and income inequality. This research investigates the impact of progressive PIT rates on income distribution in Indonesia by using micro data Susenas 2006 and 2011. By decomposing Susenas data by factor components: consumption expenditure, income tax, and savings, the effect of a marginal change on these components on total income inequality are captured. This study finds that a one percent increase in income tax in Indonesia tends to increase the Gini index of total income inequality 1.4% in 2006 and 1.8% in 2011. This implies that the income tax structure in 2011 slightly increases its contribution to the income inequality. In other words, income tax in Indonesia has unequalizing effect to the Gini index of total income inequality. However, consumption expenditure has the equalizing effect to the Gini index up to 6.4%.;Tax in Indonesia contributes as the largest share to total government revenue while personal income tax (PIT) only contributes nearly 10 percent to total national tax revenue. Many researchers have tried to examine the correlation between progressive personal income taxation and income inequality. This research investigates the impact of progressive PIT rates on income distribution in Indonesia by using micro data Susenas 2006 and 2011. By decomposing Susenas data by factor components: consumption expenditure, income tax, and savings, the effect of a marginal change on these components on total income inequality are captured. This study finds that a one percent increase in income tax in Indonesia tends to increase the Gini index of total income inequality 1.4% in 2006 and 1.8% in 2011. This implies that the income tax structure in 2011 slightly increases its contribution to the income inequality. In other words, income tax in Indonesia has unequalizing effect to the Gini index of total income inequality. However, consumption expenditure has the equalizing effect to the Gini index up to 6.4%., Tax in Indonesia contributes as the largest share to total government revenue while personal income tax (PIT) only contributes nearly 10 percent to total national tax revenue. Many researchers have tried to examine the correlation between progressive personal income taxation and income inequality. This research investigates the impact of progressive PIT rates on income distribution in Indonesia by using micro data Susenas 2006 and 2011. By decomposing Susenas data by factor components: consumption expenditure, income tax, and savings, the effect of a marginal change on these components on total income inequality are captured. This study finds that a one percent increase in income tax in Indonesia tends to increase the Gini index of total income inequality 1.4% in 2006 and 1.8% in 2011. This implies that the income tax structure in 2011 slightly increases its contribution to the income inequality. In other words, income tax in Indonesia has unequalizing effect to the Gini index of total income inequality. However, consumption expenditure has the equalizing effect to the Gini index up to 6.4%.]"
Depok: Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Indonesia, 2014
T43097
UI - Tesis Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Dian Trisnawati
"ABSTRAK
Kriminalitas merupakan salah satu permasalahan sosial yang harus diatasi karena mengakibatkan berbagai macam kerugian ekonomi dan psikologis. Kriminalitas termasuk fenomena spasial karena terdapat kecenderungan bahwa tingkat kriminalitas suatu daerah mempengaruhi tingkat kriminalitas di daerah sekitarnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat keterkaitan spasial tingkat kriminalitas antar provinsi-provinsi di Indonesia dan mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor apa saja yang signifikan mempengaruhi tingkat kriminalitas diantara household expenditure, tingkat pengangguran terbuka, persentase siswa SMA dropout, persentase polisi, persentase penduduk miskin, dan indeks gini.
Penelitian ini menggunakan data panel 33 provinsi selama periode 2007-2013, yang dianalisis secara deskriptif dan ekonometrika menggunakan regresi data panel dan regresi spasial data panel. Hasil estimasi menunjukkan bahwa terdapat keterkaitan spasial tingkat kriminalitas di Indonesia. Model terbaik yang dapat menggambarkan tingkat kriminalitas adalah spatial autocorrelation (SAC) yang menunjukkan adanya keterkaitan spasial baik pada variabel dependen maupun errornya. Faktor-faktor yang signifikan mempengaruhi tingkat kriminalitas di Indonesia selama periode 2007-2013 adalah indeks gini, persentase siswa SMA dropout, dan tingkat pengangguran terbuka. Dengan α=1% indeks gini menunjukkan variabel yang paling berpengaruh terhadap peningkatan tingkat kriminalitas. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa tingkat kesenjangan ekonomi antar masyarakat dapat memicu terjadinya aktifitas kriminal.

ABSTRACT
Crime is a social problem that must be solved because it resulted in a wide range of economic and psychological losses. Crime is one of spatial phenomena because there is a tendency that a local crime rate affects the crime rate in surrounding area. This study aims to investigate the spatial linkages of crime rate among the provinces in Indonesia and to identify what factors are significantly affecting the crime rate among household expenditure, unemployment rate, the percentage of high school students drop out, the percentage of the police, the percentage of poor people, and the index gini.
This study uses panel data of 33 provinces during the period 2007-2013, were analyzed using descriptive and econometric panel data regression and spatial regression panel data. The result indicates that there is a spatial linkages of crime rate in Indonesia. The best model that can capture the crime rate is spatial autocorrelation (SAC) which shows the spatial relationship both on the dependent variable and error. Significant factors that affecting the crime rate in Indonesia for period 2007-2013 are the gini index, the percentage of high school dropouts, and the unemployment rate. With α = 1% gini index is the most influence variable that increase the crime rate. This indicates that the economic disparities between communities may lead to criminal activity.
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2016
T44800
UI - Tesis Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Ambarsari Dwi Cahyani
"Indonesia telah berkomitmen untuk mencapai Tujuan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan ke-7 untuk memperbaiki akses energi modern yang dapat dijangkau, layak, dan berkelanjutan untuk semua pihak. Pemerintah telah melakukan banyak perbaikan akses listrik dan liquid petroleum gas (LPG). Tanpa kedua jenis energi modern tersebut, rumah tangga menggunakan kayu bakar atau biomas yang menghasilkan dampak negatif. Perbaikan pasokan listrik dan LPG yang cukup masif seharusnya menurunkan ketimpangan penggunaan energi modern, tetapi ketimpangan energi meningkat di beberapa kelompok populasi. Ketimpangan penggunaan energi dipengaruhi juga oleh faktor permintaan. Pembahasan ketimpangan energi modern adalah penting karena mencerminkan ketimpangan ekonomi dan pemenuhan kebutuhan yang esensial untuk standard kehidupan yang lebih baik.
Studi ini terdiri dari dua bagian. Bagian pertama mengukur ketimpangan penggunaan listrik dan LPG dengan menggunakan data Susenas. Metode yang digunakan adalah pengukuran indeks Theil dan Gini. Indeks Theil dihitung secara statik dan dinamik. Pengukuran ketimpangan mempertimbangkan dimensi spasial dan tingkat pendapatan. Indeks menunjukkan turunnya ketimpangan penggunaan energi modern secara nasional dan pada beberapa dimensi kelompok populasi, tetapi ketimpangan meningkat di perkotaan, di kelompok pendapatan tinggi, serta di beberapa provinsi.
Bagian kedua menjawab pertanyaan apakah faktor-faktor permintaan berpengaruh pada distribusi penggunaan energi, yang dapat menjelaskan ketimpangannya. Serta, apakah pengaruhnya berbeda antara di perkotaan dan pedesaan. Pengukuran ini dipisah untuk masing-masing energi. Estimasi distribusi penggunaan listrik menggunakan Quantile Regression dan OLS. Estimasi distribusi penggunaan LPG menggunakan Quantile Count Regression dan Negative Binomial Regression.
Estimasi pada model listrik menunjukkan bahwa faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi distribusi penggunaan listrik adalah pendapatan, harga listrik, gender, tingkat pendidikan, dan status bekerja, jumlah anggota usia lanjut, status rumah, peralatan listrik, dan daya terpasang. Faktor yang pengaruhnya berbeda antara di perkotaan dan di pedesaan adalah pendapatan, tingkat pendidikan, status bekerja, dan status rumah. Sementara itu, estimasi pada model LPG menunjukkan bahwa faktor yang mempengaruhi distribusi penggunaan LPG adalah pendapatan, harga LPG, gender, tingkat pendidikan, pekerjaan dan status rumah. Semua faktor tersebut berkorelasi secara berbeda antara perkotaan dan pedesaan.
Studi ini berimplikasi pada kebijakan untuk mengatasi kekurangan energi di satu sisi, tetapi mendorong penghematan energi di sisi lain. Dalam hal kekurangan energi, pemerintah perlu mempertimbangkan untuk mengenali kelompok yang rentan menjadi miskin-energi. Di antaranya adalah rumah tangga berpenghasilan rendah, berpendidikan rendah, kepala rumah tangga wanita, dan pekerja mandiri di pedesaan. Program listrik semacam tenaga surya hemat energi perlu dilanjutkan di samping mendorong penggunaan energi lokal. Dalam hal energi memasak, program penggunaan tungku bersih murah perlu dipertimbangkan untuk dijalankan kembali. Di samping itu, peningkatan rasio elektrifikasi serta distribusi LPG perlu terus didorong terutama di daerah terpencil, pedesaan, dan wilayah timur Indonesia. Dalam hal penghematan energi, pendidikan tentang pentingnya hemat energi dan dampak eksternalitas perlu menyasar pada rumah tangga pengguna listrik yang tinggi, yaitu rumah tangga dengan tingkat pendidikan menengah dan universitas, terutama di perkotaan pada provinsi-provinsi di Sumatra, Jakarta, dan Kalimantan.

Indonesia has committed to achieving Sustainable Development Goal 7 to improve access to modern energy that is affordable, feasible, and sustainable for all. The government has made many improvements in accessing electricity and liquid petroleum gas (LPG). Without these types of modern energy, households use firewood or biomass, resulting in negative impacts. Massive improvements in electricity supply and LPG should reduce inequality in modern energy use, but energy inequality increases in some population groups. Demand factors also influence inequality in energy use. Addressing modern energy inequality is important because it reflects economic inequality and the fulfillment of essential needs for a better standard of living.
This study consists of two parts. The first part measures the inequality of electricity and LPG use using Susenas data. The methods are the decomposable Theil and Gini indexes. Theil index is calculated statically and dynamically. The inequality measurement considers the spatial dimensions and income levels. The index shows a decrease in inequality in modern energy usage nationally and some population groups, but inequality increases in urban areas, high-income groups, and some provinces. The second part addresses whether demand factors affect the distribution of modern energy usage, explaining inequality. And whether the effect is different between urban and rural areas. The estimate is separated for each energy. The electricity usage model is estimated using Quantile Regression and OLS. The LPG model is estimated using Quantile Count Regression and Negative Binomial Regression.
Estimating the electricity model, factors influencing the electricity usage distribution are income, electricity price, gender, education level, occupation, number of elderlies, homeownership, electric appliances, and installed power. The factors that affect urban and rural areas are income, education level, work status, and home status. Meanwhile, the LPG model's estimation shows that the factors influencing the LPG usage distribution are income, LPG price, gender, education level, occupation, and home status. All of these factors correlate differently between urban and rural areas.
This study has implications for policies to address energy insufficiency on the one hand but encourages energy savings on the other. In terms of energy insufficiency, the government needs to consider identifying groups vulnerable to being energy-poor. Among them are low-income, low-educated households, female household heads, and rural self-employed workers. Electricity programs such as energy-efficient solar power need to be continued and encourage the use of local energy. The program for using cheap, clean stoves needs to be considered for re-implementation in cooking energy. In addition, the increase in the electrification ratio and LPG distribution needs to be encouraged, especially in remote, rural, and eastern Indonesia. In terms of energy saving, education on the importance of energy-saving and the impact of externalities needs to target high electricity user households, namely households with secondary and university education levels, especially in urban areas in the provinces of Sumatra, Jakarta, and Kalimantan.
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Depok: Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Indonesia, 2021
D-pdf
UI - Disertasi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Brammeswara Habib Prasetya
"Skripsi ini berisi tentang strategi kebijakan tata kelola modal asing Indonesia dan Tiongkok dalam pemulihan ekonomi setelah krisis di tahun 1997-1998 hingga 2012. Permasalahan dalam skripsi ini adalah bagaimana strategi kebijakan tata kelola investasi asing Indonesia dan Tiongkok dalam pemulihan ekonomi pasca krisis tahun 1997-1998 hingga 2012. Penelitian ini adalah eksplanatif yang menggunakan metode kualitatif. Pendekatan menggunakan ekonomi-politik Keynesian, teori otonomi relatif negara (Bob Jessop), dan konsep makroekonomi dan mikroekonomi.
Hasilnya ialah posisi dan peran modal asing mengalami pasang-surut dalam kontribusi terhadap pemulihan dan pembangunan ekonomi di kedua negara. Lalu, karakteristik Indonesia lebih mengarahkan modal asing di sektor ekstraktif sedangkan Tiongkok lebih mengarahkan modal asing untuk masuk sektor manufaktur dan pengembangan teknologi. Hasil penelitian skripsi menunjukkan Tiongkok berdasarkan indikator makroekonomi lebih berhasil mengelola modal asing dibandingkan Indonesia. Namun berdasarkan indikator mikroekonomi, kedua negara tersebut masih mengalami masalah dalam tata kelola modal asing yakni meningkatnya kesenjangan kekayaan serta masalah kerusakan lingkungan.

This thesis examines policy strategies to govern foreign capital of the Republic of Indonesia in comparison with that of the People Republic of China (PRC) during economy recovery after crisis in 1997-1998 until 2012. Problems studied in this thesis are how the two states govern foreign investment during economic recovery between 1997-1998 and 2012. This research is an explanatory research using qualitative methods. This research employs Keynesian political economy approach, the theory of the relative autonomy of the state (Bob Jessop), and the concept of macroeconomics and microeconomics in explaining both state’s foreign capital governance.
The study finds that position and role of foreign capital have ups and downs in contributing to economic recovery and development in both countries. Indonesia emphasized more on direct foreign investment in the extractive sector, while China more on manufacturing sector and investment on high technology. In the end, based on macroeconomic indicators, China is more successful in managing foreign capital than Indonesia. However, based on microeconomic indicators, both countries are still experiencing problems in governing foreign capital in order to reduce economic gap and cope with environmental degradation.
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Depok: Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Indonesia, 2014
S55187
UI - Skripsi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library