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"The paper describes several types of referents, including internal, external and system referents, and explains that they are the key for choosing actions or inactions. Individuals and organizations use these referents to get understandings of themselves, to encourage learning and to bounce back from failure. Using social cognition and social comparison literature, the paper focuses its explanation on the reasons why a particular type of referent is used and on its consequences on individuals' and organizations' ability to learn, to bounce back from difficult circumstances, or on their inability to survive. The paper concludes that motivation and ability to choose the right reference may assist individuals and organizations to rise from difficulties and to achieve more, while inability to choose the right reference may result in dire consequences."

"Skripsi ini adalah sebuah telaah filosofis mengenai diskursus tubuh difabel dalam kerangka pikir Maurice Merleau-Ponty. Persepsi dan ketubuhan menjadi pisau analisis yang tajam dalam mengkaji problem kemampuan dalam tubuh difabel. Label ketidakmampuan yang dimiliki oleh difabel merupakan bentuk marginalisasi tubuh minoritas. Dengan kerangka pikir milik Merleau-Ponty, tubuh mayoritas dengan kemampuan rata-rata akan ditolak sebagai tubuh yang paling sempurna dalam tindak mempersepsi dunia. Problem ketidakmampuan yang disandang oleh difabel beralih menjadi bentuk penerimaan terhadap keberagaman mempersepsi.

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This thesis is an analysis of the philosophical discourse of the body with disabilities within the framework of Maurice Merleau-Ponty's thought. Perception and body in Merleau-Ponty's framework have become a sharp analysis to review the ability problems within disability people. Term 'dis-ability' in disability people often lead them to minority groups and rising discrimination. According to Merleau-Ponty's framework, a body with a major ability will be rejected as the most perfect body in the act of perceiving the world. Whereas the problem carried by disabled people's inability transform into having themselves perceiving the form of the diversity of acceptance."