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Abstrak :
Transdermal merupakan rute penghantaran yang didesain agar dapat menghantarkan zat aktif menuju sistemik melalui permukaan kulit. Sediaan transdermal dapat diformulasikan melalui sistem matriks. Eksipien terbaru yang dapat berfungsi sebagai matriks yaitu koproses xanthan gum dan amilosa tersambungsilang-12 (Ko-CLA12-XG). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memformulasi dan menguji fungsi eksipien Ko-CLA12-XG sebagai matriks dalam sediaan transdermal. Karakterisasi eksipien dilakukan dengan menghitung derajat substitusi. Pengujian keberhasilan sediaan transdermal dengan pengujian penetrasi secara in vitro dan in vivo. Pengujian penetrasi in vitro menggunakan alat sel difusi franz dengan menggunakan membran abdomen tikus jantan galur Sprague-Dawley dan pengujian penetrasi in vivo dilakukan pada tikus jantan galur Sprague-Dawley. Dari hasil penelitian, diperoleh data DS sebesar 0,3 ± 0,006, fluks 410 ± 103 μg.cm-2.jam-1, AUC 16,09 ± 1,68 μg.jam.ml-1, Ke 0,12 ± 0,02 jam-1, dan MRT 8,76 ± 1,23 jam. Berdasarkan data tersebut, eksipien Ko-CLA12-XG dapat digunakan sebagai matriks dalam sediaan transdermal. ...... Transdermal is a route of administration which designed to deliver active ingredient to systemic through skin. Transdermal form can be formulated by matrix system. Co-processed Excipient of Xanthan Gum and 12-Crosslinked Amylose (Ko-CLA12-XG) is known to be used as matrix. This present research was intended to formulate and evaluate transdermal form which using Ko-CLA12-XG as matrix. Excipient was characterized by measuring substitution degree. Evaluation effect of transdermal by in vitro and in vivo penetration study. In vitro penetration study used franz diffusion and abdomen skin of male Sprague Dawley rat and in vivo penetration study used male Sprague Dawley rat. Substitution degree, flux, AUC, Ke, MRT were 0,3 ± 0,006, 410 ± 103 μg.cm-2. hour-1, 16,09 ± 1,68 μg.hour.ml-1, 0,12 ± 0,02 hour-1, and 8,76 ± 1,23 hour, respectively. Based on those data, Ko-CLA12-XG can be used as matrix in transdermal form.

Abstrak :
Telah dilakukan penelitian eksperimental untuk meningkatkan kemampuan motilitas spermatozoa manusia golongan astenozospermia dengan pemberian senyawa digoksin in vitro dengan konsentrasi 10 pangkat -6 M, 10 pangkat -8M, dan 10 pangkat -10M. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui konsentrasi terbaik dari ketiga konsentrasi digoksin yang digunakan. Sampel semen astenozoospermia sebanyak 6 buah diperoleh dari pria pasangan infertil yang memeriksakan diri ke Laboratorium Biologi FK-UI. Sampel-sampel tersebut dibagi ke dalam 4 kelompok yaitu kelompok eksperimen1(K1) yaitu semen yang ditambahkan larutan digoksin 10 pangkat -6 M, K2 yaitu semen ditambah larutan digoksin 10 pangkat -8M yaitu semen ditambah larutan digoksin 10"10 M10 pangkat -10M dan kelompok kontrol (K) yaitu semen ditambah larutan Hanks. Sampel yang telah diberi perlakuan diinkubasi pada suhu 37 °C selama 20, 40 dan 60 menit. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa digoksin berpengaruh terhadap persentase motilitas, viabilitas dan hasil uji HOS. Berdasarkan hasil uji statistik parametrik (ANAVA faktorial) dengan taraf nyata 0,05 menunjukkan bahwa hanya digoksin 10 pangkat -8M yang diinkubasi selama 40 menit yang mampu meningkatkan motilitas spermatozoa manusia golongan astenozoospermia secara maksimal.

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Abstrak :
Metode kromatografi cair kinerja tinggi (KCKT) dengan detektor fluoresensi untuk menganalisis ofloksasin dalam plasma telah dikembangkan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah memperoleh kondisi yang optimum untuk analisis ofloksasin dalam plasma in vitro dan melakukan validasi metode analisis tersebut. Kondisi kromatografi menggunakan kolom C18 dengan fase gerak asetonitril-larutan kalium dihidrogen fosfat 0,01 M (140:860; v/v) pH 3, kecepatan alir 1,0 ml/menit dan dideteksi dengan detektor fluoresensi pada panjang gelombang eksitasi 300 dan emisi 500 nm. Siprofloksasin digunakan sebagai baku dalam. Teknik penyiapan sampel dilakukan dengan cara pengendapan protein menggunakan asetonitril, kemudian supernatannya dipisahkan lalu diinjeksikan ke dalam kolom. Metode ini memberikan nilai linearitas pada rentang konsentrasi 1,0 -5,0 g/ml dengan nilai koefisien korelasi (r) 0,9998. Batas deteksi pada metode ini konsentrasi 0,102 g/ml dan batas kuantitasi 0,340 g/ml. Metode ini memberikan hasil uji perolehan kembali pada konsentrasi 1,02 g/ml adalah 90,668 0,2635 %, konsentrasi 3,06 g/ml adalah 92,932 0,6468 % dan konsentrasi 5,1 g/ml adalah 95,594 3.184 %.

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A high-performance liquid chromatographic method (HPLC) with fluorescence detector for analyses of ofloxacin in human plasma was developed. The aim of this research is to find out optimum condition of ofloxacin in human plasma with in vitro analysis using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and then validate the method. Condition of chromatography using C18 column with a mixture of acetonitril-0,01 M dihydrogenpotassium phosphate solution (140:860) pH 3 as mobile phase, at flow rate 1,0 ml/menit, with fluorimetric detection was performed at 300 nm for excitation and 500 nm for emission. Ciprofloxacin was used as an internal standard. The sampel preparation technique was protein precipitation with acetonitril, the supernatant was desperated and injected into C18 column. Linearity was established for range of concentration 1.0-5.0 g/ml with coefficient of correlation of 0.9998. The limit of detection (LOD) was identifiable and reproducible at 0.102 g/ml and the limit of quantitaion (LOQ) at 0.340 g/ml. This method has ofloxacin recovery was 90.668 0,2635 % for concentration 1.02 g/ml, 92,932 0,6468 % for concentration 3.06 g/ml, and 95,594 3.184 % for concentration 5.1 g/ml.

Abstrak :
Metode yang selektif dan sensitif sangat diperlukan untuk mengevaluasi suatu obat dalam cairan biologi. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk memvalidasi metode analisis obat dalam plasma yang optimal secara KCKT. Senyawa obat yang diperiksa dalam penelitian ini adalah kaptopril, suatu obat antihipertensi. Kaptopril diisolasi dari plasma dengan ekstraksi cair-cair menggunakan dietileter-diklormetan (7:3; v/v). Analisis dilakukan dengan Kromatografi Cair Kinerja Tinggi menggunakan kolom C18 fase terbalik, fase gerak metanol-air-asam fosfat (2:9:0,5; v/v ), laju alir 1,0 ml/menit, dideteksi pada panjang gelombang 220 nm, dengan detektor UV-Vis. Pada rentang konsentrasi 300 - 800 ng/ml dihasilkan kurva kalibrasi yang linier dengan koefisien korelasi (r) 0,9906 dan memberikan limit kuantitasi 288,535 ng/ml. Hasil validasi metode telah memenuhi kriteria yang dipersyaratkan.

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Selective and sensitive analytical methods very important for evaluate drugs in biological fluids. The aim of this research was to validation optimum analytical method in plasma by HPLC. Captopril is an angiostensin converting enzyme inhibitor used in the treatment of hypertension. Captopril isolated from the plasma using dietileter and dichlormethane (7:3; v/v). The high performance liquid chromatography method which include C18 reversed phase coloumn, using mixture methanol-water-acid phosphate (2:9:0,5; v/v) as a mobile phase, flow rate of 1,0 ml/minutes, detection at wavelength of 220 nm with UV-Vis detector. Linearity was established for the range concentration 300 – 800 ng/ ml with coefficient correlation (r) is 0,9906 and the limit of quantitation of captopril 288,535 ng/ml. The results of validation method fulfilled for the criterias.

Abstrak :
Nifedipin mempunyai indeks terapi sempit, sehingga penting untuk memantau kadar obat dalam plasma. Metode kromatografi cair kinerja tinggi (KCKT) dapat digunakan untuk menetapkan kadar nifedipin dalam plasma dan metode ini harus divalidasi terlebih dahulu sebelum digunakan. Adapun tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memperoleh kondisi analisis nifedipin yang optimum dan memperoleh hasil validasi metode analisis nifedipin dalam plasma in vitro secara KCKT. Metode KCKT yang dilakukan menggunakan kolom C18, fase gerak air-asetonitril-metanol (55:22,5:22,5;v/v), laju alir 1,0 ml/menit, sensitivitas alat 0,01 aufs, dan deteksi dengan panjang gelombang uv pada 240 nm. Kurva kalibrasi nifedipin dalam plasma dengan penambahan diazepam sebagai baku dalam mempunyai rentang 20-100 ng/ml dengan harga koefisien korelasi (r) 0,9983. Nilai limit deteksi dan limit kuantitasi sebesar 4,97 dan 16,56 ng/ml. Nilai akurasi antara 97,75 sampai 102,01% dan nilai presisi antara 3,19 sampai 4,09%. Hasil validasi metode menunjukkan bahwa metode analisis nifedipin dalam plasma in vitro yang dilakukan sudah valid.

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Nifedipin has a narrow index of therapeutic, so it was important to monitor the drug concentration in human plasma. HPLC method can be used to determine nifedipine in human plasma and this method must be validated before it was used. The aims of this research were getting an optimum condition to analyze nifedipine and getting a result of validation method analysis of nifedipine in human plasma in vitro with HPLC method. HPLC method using C18 column, mobile phase consisted of water-acetonitril-methanol (55:22,5:22,5;v/v), flow rate 1,0 ml/minutes, sensitivity 0,01 aufs, and detection using UV wave length at 240 nm. The calibration graphs of nifedipine in plasma by using diazepam as an internal standard has a range concentration at 20-100 ng/ml with coefficient of correlation (r) 0,9983. A limit of detection and a limit of quantitation were 4,97 and 16,56 ng/ml. Accuracy ranged from 97,75 to 102,01% and precision ranged from 3,19 to 4,09%. The result of validation data show that the analysis of nifedipine in plasma in vitro has validated.

Abstrak :
Penyakit Panama pada tanaman pisang disebabkan oleh kapang patogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense. Telah dilakukan penelitian untuk karakterisasi penghambatan Aktinomisetes terhadap Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense secara in vitro menggunakan sel hidup dan filtrat kultur bebas sel. Isolat Aktinomisetes LAI-I dan L31 diketahui menghasilkan enzim kitinase, protease, dan antibiotik yang dapat menghambat pertumbuhan, menyebabkan perubahan morfologi hifa berupa penebalan pada ujung-ujung hifa, serta menghambat germinasi spora Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense. Perhitungan statistik menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang nyata antara kelompok kontrol, perlakuan LAI-I, dan perlakuan L31. Hasil tersebut memperlihatkan adanya kemampuan isolat LAI-I dan L31 menghambat Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense.

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The Panama disease in banana plants is caused by the pathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense. Research has been conducted to characterize the inhibition mechanism of Actinomycetes towards Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense in vitro by using living cell and cell-free culture filtrate. Actinomycetes isolates LAI-I and L31 produce chitinase enzyme, protease enzyme, and secondary metabolites that can inhibit the growth, lead morphological changes of hyphae as swollen at the end of the hypha, and inhibit spore germination of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense. The statistic reveals the significant differences between control, LAI-I treatment, and L31 treatment. The result shows the ability of isolate LAI-I and L31 to inhibit Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense.

Abstrak :
In vitro shoot explants of white ginger and red ginger are irradiated by two different techniques.....

Abstrak :
Phalaenopsis celebensis is a rare and endemic species of Sulawesi. In this experiment flower stalk culture was chosen as a method to propagate the species, since generative propagation has not been given satisfied results. Othe advantage is that this method does not need to risk the live of the rare and preciuous cllection. Phalaenopsis celebensis was survived in MS medium supplemented with 5 ppm BA (Benzyladenine). Nodal cuttings of P. celebensis flower stalk under 20-25 C exhibit three growth pattern, either developed into shoots, flower stalk or remain dormant.

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ABSTRAK
Berbagai macam penelitian dilakukan untuk meningkatkan keberhasilan teknologi reproduksi berbantu, salah satunya adalah dengan memprediksi tingkat maturasi oosit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan hormon progesteron pada hari pematangan folikel dengan tingkat maturasi serta upaya penyelamatan oosit yang tidak matur dengan maturasi in vitro(MIV). Analisis dan uji statistik dilakukan terhadap kadar progesteron pada hari pematangan folikel dan penyelamatan MIV dengan mengkultur oosit yang tidak matur pada medium MIV, medium FIV, dan medium blastokista. Kadar progesteron tinggi terbukti memiliki efek buruk terhadap tingkat maturasi oosit. Kelompok progesteron rendah memiliki tingkat maturasi dan fertilisasi lebih tinggi bila dibandingkan dengan kelompok progesteron tinggi dan normal. Nilai progesteron yang tinggi dapat dijadikan sebagai prediktor terhadap penurunan tingkat kematangan oosit. Hasil MIV pada medium FIV dan medium blastokista terbukti memiliki hasil yang sama dengan medium MIV. Kualitas embrio baik dari ketiga jenis medium memiliki tingkat yang sama. Namun, medium MIV dapat menghasilkan fertilisasi yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan medium lainnya. Medium FIV dan medium blastokista dapat digunakan sebagai medium alternatif untuk penyelamatan oosit yang tidak matur.

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ABSTRACT
Various studies have been conducted to increase success rate of assisted reproductive technology. This study aims to determine the relationship of progesterone level on follicular maturation day with oocyte maturation rate and immature oocyte rescue by using in vitro maturation (IVM) method. Progesterone were analyzed and immature oocytes were rescued by culturing them in IVM medium, IVF medium, and blastocyst medium. High progesterone has an adverse effect on oocyte maturation. Group with low progesterone have a higher maturation and fertilization rate when compared with high and normal progesterone groups. High progesterone can be used as a predictor of decreased oocyte maturity. The maturation results on IVF and blastocyst medium have the same results with IVM medium. It is also shown that the good quality embryos produced from all three types of medium are comparable. IVM medium is able to produce higher fertilization compared to the other medium. IVF and blastocyst medium can be used as an alternative to rescue immature oocytes.

Abstrak :
ABSTRACT
Levamisole is used as an anthelminthic; it is effective in the treatment of Ascaris suum infection, and it is considered to paralysethe Ascaris' muscle by inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase, so the muscle is deficient in ATP. There are similarities in the contraction system of the muscle of Ascaris and the contractile system of the spermatozoa. Thus, the effect of Levamisole on the quality of human spermatozoa in vitro was studied at dosages of 2.3 no, 4.5 mg, 6.8 mg, 7.3 mg, 8.2 mg and 9.1 mg per ml of semen. The quality of spermatozoa includes motility, integrity of the plasma membrane and viability. It was ascertained to be within the required percentage. The spermatozoa was examined to see whether Levamisole could render all of them immotile within a period of 2 minutes or Less, and if they become immotile, whether Levamisole has the capacity of destroying the integrity of the plasma membrane. It was also deter-mined if the immotile spermatozoa were all nonviable. The integrity of the plasma membrane was examined by HOS test, and sperm viability was determined by eosin Y test. Human semen {43 samples) used for this study were be fertile as stipulated. by WHO and Farris. It was observed that Levamisole at the Lowest dosage (2.3 mg/ml semen) was able to reduce sperm motility; the higher the Level, the greater the effect, and at a dosage of 9.1 mglml, all the spermatozoa become immotile within less than 2 minutes. ALL the spermatozoa that become immotile Loss the integrity of the plasma membrane. In addition, the spermatozoa that had become immotile, after being washed and tested with eosin Y, were revealed to be nonviable.;A close study about the effects of the addition of zirconium (Zr) and lanthanum (La) metals on the condutivity and heat resistance of commercial purity aluminium has been carried out on the three kinds of aluminium samples consisting of commercial purity aluminium (Sample A), aluminium with the addition of Zr (Sample B), as well as aluminium with the addition of 0.04 wt % Zr and La (SampleC). The samples were made by casting and rolling processes to form a-3.52 mm wire in diameter. The electrical conductivity of the aluminium samples was determined by measuring the resistivity employing Kelvin double bridge instrument. The heat resistance properties were obtained by measuring their strength before and after heating the sample for one hour at various temperatures, and by measuring their DSC curves. To elucidate the effect of the addition of Zr and La to the properties of aluminium, their microstructures were also observed by the optical as well as electron microscopes and their lattice parameters were confirmed by X-ray diffraction. The results shows that the addition of 0.04 wt.% Zr increased the heat resistance of aluminium from 85.1% to 91.0 %, however it reduces their electrical conductivity from 61.78 % IACS (International Annealed Copper Standard) to 60.07 % IACS. By the addition of La into aluminium containing 0.04 % wt. %Zr, the electrical conductivity of the Sample B can be increased from 60.07 IACS to 60.80 %IACS. There is a strong indication that the increase of the heat resistance was caused by grain refinement and the second phase formation in the aluminium, whereas the increase in the electrical conductivity of aluminium was caused by a decrease in the solid solubility of impurities in the aluminium due to the addition of lanthanum elements. Based on the data from such study, the optimum heat resistance and electrical conductivity were obtainable by the addition of 0.04 wt. °A Zr and 0.13 wt. % La.