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Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Penelitian eksperimental untuk menguji aktifitas antifeedant ekstrak kasar ascidia Didemnum sp. terhadap ikan karang telah dilakukan di perairan Pulau Pramuka. Sampel diekstrak dengan metode maserasi menggunakan metanol, kemudian ekstrak dicampurkan dengan jeli yang mengandung makanan ikan dan karaginan pada konsentrasi yang sama dengan konsentrasi alaminya yaitu sebesar 10 mg/ml. Uji di lapangan dilakukan dengan mengaitkan pelet pengujian pada tali polipropilen yang ditambatkan ke biorock pada kedalaman 3 m di bawah dermaga Restoran Nusa Keramba di Pulau Pramuka. Analisis data menggunakan uji jumlah-jenjang Wilcoxon menunjukkan bahwa Rhit < Rtab 0.05. Hal tersebut menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak kasar Didemnum sp. memiliki aktivitas antifeedant terhadap ikan-ikan karang meliputi Neopomacentrus sp., Pomacentrus sp. Halichoeres sp., dan Siganus sp.

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ABSTRACT
Field experiment was conducted to investigate antifeedant activity of crude extract from urn-shaped ascidian Didemnum sp. against reef fishes at Pramuka Island. Ascidian samples were extracted by maceration in methanol then mixed with agar containing fish food and carrageenan at the same concentration as the extract occurred in living organism which is 10 mg/ml. Antifeedant assay on the field was conducted by attaching pellets using safety pins to polypropylene ropes then tied them to a biorock in 3 m depth below the pier of Nusa Keramba Restaurant at Pramuka Island. Data analysis with Wilcoxon?s rank-sum test showed that R < Rtab 0.05, which means that crude extract of Didemnum sp. has antifeedant activity against reef fishes including Neopomacentrus sp., Pomacentrus sp., Halichoeres sp., and Siganus sp.

Abstrak :
Acanthaster planci anggota filum Echinodermata diketahui memiliki mekanisme pertahanan diri, baik mekanisme fisik maupun kimia. Pertahanan secara kimia karena adanya senyawa metabolit sekunder dalam Acanthaster planci yang diduga membuat hewan ini memiliki sifat antifeedant. Saponin adalah salah satu senyawa metabolit sekunder yang dominan dijumpai dalam A. Planci. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah ekstrak Acanthaster planci bersifat antifeedant, serta membuktikan apakah saponin adalah senyawa yang bertanggung jawab sebagai senyawa antifeedant. Uji kualitatatif senyawa saponin dilakukan dengan metode Liebermann Burchard pada ekstrak A. planci kering. Untuk mengetahui bahwa senyawa saponin yang bertanggung jawab dalam proses antifeedant tersebut, pengujian juga dilakukan dengan menggunakan ekstrak A. planci fraksi air, etil asetat, dan n-heksan. Objek pengamatan adalah ikan-ikan karang di perairan Pulau Pramuka-Kepulauan Seribu, yang diberikan perlakuan berupa pemberian pakan kontrol dan pakan uji yang mengandung ekstrak metanol A. planci, kemudian diamati jumlah pakan yang dimakan, serta jenis dan perilaku ikan terhadap pakan yang diberikan. Hasil pengamatan dianalisis secara statistik menggunakan uji non-parametrik Wilcoxon dan Friedman. Hasil uji menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak A. planci dengan fraksi air bersifat antifeedant, yang juga didukung dengan hasil positif adanya senyawa saponin pada ekstrak A. planci dengan pelarut air dan metanol. Hasil uji saponin pada fraksi n-heksan yang bersifat nonpolar bersifat negatif, sedangkan ekstrak A.planci dengan fraksi etil asetat yang bersifat semipolar menunjukkan adanya senyawa lain selain saponin, yaitu terpenoid.

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Acanthaster planci as member of phylum Echinodermata having mechanical defense both physical defense and chemical defense. Its chemical defense showed by secondary metabolites that is consider as antifeedant. Saponin is one of dominant secondary metabolites on A. Planci star fish. The research determines A. planci extract is antifeedant, furthermore saponin is the compound which responsible of this. The Liebermann Burchard test to A. planci dry extract to determine the saponin. In order to know that saponin has consider to be antifeedant, the test also use to fractionation extract with three different solvents, aquades, n-hexane, and etile acetate. Antifeedant test use the reef fishes on Pramuka Island water-Seribu Islands, as predator. Feeding experiments involve reef fishes making choices between food treated with A. planci extract and control foods. The data contains food score and fish behaviours. Field experiments with food treated methanol extract analyze with Wilcoxon paired-sample test, and experiments with fractionation extract using Friedman non-parametric test. Experiments result show that A. planci with methanol extract and aquades fraction are antifeedant. It`s also support by qualitative test about saponin. Saponin found negative on extract with n-hexane and etile acetate fractions.

Abstrak :
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ABSTRACT
Coral reef cover has been conducted observations using the Line Intercept Transect (LIT), and methods of Under water Fish Visual Census (UVC) to determine the type of fish Observation of the condition of coral reefs and reef fish is done in shallow water which is 3-6 depth in ten-point observation station. Based on direct observtion, the general condition of coral reef in Wangi-wangi Island is classied into the category from moderate to good. The average peresentage of live coral cover (life form) at the base station to station 10 is 64,61%. Water temperature ranged from 25 until 29oC, Salinity 34-36?, Brightness reaces the bottom; diversity index (H?) ranged from 3,2 to 3,6. Uniformity index (E) at te bottom waters ranged from 0,83 to 0,91. Dominance Index (C) ranged from 0,09 to 0,14. Reef fish diversity index ranged from 2,96 to 3,97, Uniformity index (E) reef fish ranged from 0,55 to 0,97. Valve dominance index (C) ranged from 0,04 to 0,17. Based on the valve of scoring on te whole category, all of the observation stations are include in category S1 which is suitable for beach tourism or nautical tourism like diving or snorkling. ;Coral reef cover has been conducted observations using the Line Intercept Transect (LIT), and methods of Under water Fish Visual Census (UVC) to determine the type of fish Observation of the condition of coral reefs and reef fish is done in shallow water which is 3-6 depth in ten-point observation station. Based on direct observtion, the general condition of coral reef in Wangi-wangi Island is classied into the category from moderate to good. The average peresentage of live coral cover (life form) at the base station to station 10 is 64,61%. Water temperature ranged from 25 until 29oC, Salinity 34-36?, Brightness reaces the bottom; diversity index (H?) ranged from 3,2 to 3,6. Uniformity index (E) at te bottom waters ranged from 0,83 to 0,91. Dominance Index (C) ranged from 0,09 to 0,14. Reef fish diversity index ranged from 2,96 to 3,97, Uniformity index (E) reef fish ranged from 0,55 to 0,97. Valve dominance index (C) ranged from 0,04 to 0,17. Based on the valve of scoring on te whole category, all of the observation stations are include in category S1 which is suitable for beach tourism or nautical tourism like diving or snorkling. , Coral reef cover has been conducted observations using the Line Intercept Transect (LIT), and methods of Under water Fish Visual Census (UVC) to determine the type of fish Observation of the condition of coral reefs and reef fish is done in shallow water which is 3-6 depth in ten-point observation station. Based on direct observtion, the general condition of coral reef in Wangi-wangi Island is classied into the category from moderate to good. The average peresentage of live coral cover (life form) at the base station to station 10 is 64,61%. Water temperature ranged from 25 until 29oC, Salinity 34-36?, Brightness reaces the bottom; diversity index (H?) ranged from 3,2 to 3,6. Uniformity index (E) at te bottom waters ranged from 0,83 to 0,91. Dominance Index (C) ranged from 0,09 to 0,14. Reef fish diversity index ranged from 2,96 to 3,97, Uniformity index (E) reef fish ranged from 0,55 to 0,97. Valve dominance index (C) ranged from 0,04 to 0,17. Based on the valve of scoring on te whole category, all of the observation stations are include in category S1 which is suitable for beach tourism or nautical tourism like diving or snorkling. ]

Abstrak :
Pertahanan hidup dilakukan oleh tiap organisme agar dapat terhindar dari kepunahan. Pada organisme laut, bentuk pertahanan diri ada tiga macam, dimana khususnya pada hewan dari filum Echinodermata yang menggunakan senyawa metabolit sekunder sebagai bentuk pertahanan dirinya. Tujuan dari penelitian berikut untuk mengetahui perilaku makan spesifik ikan karang terhadap pakan uji yang mengandung ekstrak Holothuria atra yang berbeda konsentrasinya telah dilakukan pada tanggal 8-14 November 2018 di Perairan Pulau Pramuka, Taman Nasional Kepulauan Seribu, DKI Jakarta. Proses yang dijalani yaitu ekstrasi menggunakan metanol dan menghasilkan persentase ekstrak kasar sebesar 0,56% dan memiliki konsentrasi fisiologis yang mengacu pada penelitian terdahulu yaitu 8 mg/mL. Proses pengujian dilakukan dengan memberikan pakan uji yang mengandung ekstrak kasar Holothuria atra yang telah dicampur oleh jeli dan pelet ikan sebanyak 4 set dengan komposisi set terdiri dari kontrol, pakan dengan ekstrak 0,5% dari konsentrasi fisiologis, pakan dengan ekstrak 1% dari konsentrasi fisiologis dan pakan dengan ekstrak 2% dari konsentrasi fisiologis. Uji perilaku makan ikan karang dilakukan di rataan terumbu karang pada tujuh titik berbeda di kedalaman 3-5 meter. Hasil uji statistik Chi-Kuadrat pada taraf signifikasi (α) 0,01 menyatakan bahwa ada perbedaan perilaku makan ikan karena perbedaan konsentrasi pakan yang digunakan dan untuk membuktikan keeratan hubungan, digunakan uji Cramer yang menunjukkan bahwa dengan nilai 0,316 dan uji ANOVA sebagai uji akhir yang pula menyatakan bahwa perilaku makan ikan karang berbeda pada masing-masing pakan yang berbeda konsentrasinya.

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Life defense is carried out by each organism in order to avoid extinction. In marine organisms, there are three types of self-defense, especially in animals from phylum Echinodermata that use secondary metabolites as a form of defense.The research was purposed to know specific fish feeding behavior towards the fish food that contains different concentrations of crude extract of Holothuria atra. It was conducted on 8th until 14th November 2018 in Pramuka Island Waters, Kepulauan Seribu National Park, DKI Jakarta. The process begun with extractions of specimen using methanol to yield the 0,56% of crude extract that is equal to 8 mg/mL of physiological concentration. The fish feeding behavior assay was conducted by using artificial foods which is contained Holothuria atras crude extract mixed with jelly and fish pellets and it is made into 4 sets. Those sets composed with control, fish pellet mixed with 0,5% crude extract from physiological concentration, fish pellet mixed with 1% crude extract from physiological concentration and fish pellet mixed with 2% crude extract from physiological concentration. This field experiment conducted above the coral reefs on 7 different spots at 3-5 meter depth. Chi-square analysis (α=0,01) showed that there is difference feeding behaviour of reef fishes based on different of concentration in fish pellet. Another test used as in Cramer test to see the close relation and the result showed 0,316 and for ANOVA test showing that there is also different fish feeding behaviour as well.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Penelitian eksperimental untuk menguji aktivitas antifeedant fraksi non polar ekstrak Capillaster sentosus terhadap ikan karang telah dilakukan pada tanggal 16--22 April 2016 di perairan Pulau Pramuka, Kepulauan Seribu, DKI Jakarta. Sampel diekstrak dengan menggunakan pelarut metanol dan difraksinasi menggunakan pelarut n-heksan, etil asetat, dan air. Fraksinasi 29,4 g ekstrak kasar Capillaster sentosus menghasilkan 3,6 g fraksi n-heksan dan etil asetat (non polar) dengan konsentrasi fisiologis sebesar 3,6 mg/mL. Uji antifeedant dilakukan dengan menggunakan pakan perlakuan yang mengandung fraksi non polar ekstrak Capillaster sentosus dan pakan kontrol tanpa kandungan fraksi non polar ekstrak Capillaster sentosus dalam bentuk kubus jeli 1 cm3 yang dikaitkan pada tali pancing. Pakan tersebut kemudian diuji di terumbu karang pada kedalaman 3--4 m dan dihitung jumlah pakan yang dimakan dan tidak dimakan. Hasil uji statistik chi square pada tingkat kepercayaan 0,01 menunjukkan adanya pengaruh antara pemberian pakan perlakuan dengan ketidaksukaan makan ikan karang. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, dapat disimpulkan bahwa fraksi non polar ekstrak Capillaster sentosus positif memiliki aktivitas antifeedant terhadap ikan karang di perairan Pulau Pramuka, Kepulauan Seribu, DKI Jakarta.

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ABSTRACT
Experimental study to test the antifeedant activity of non polar fraction extract from Capillaster sentosus against reef fishes was conducted in April, 16--22th 2016 at Pramuka Island, Kepulauan Seribu, DKI Jakarta. Samples were extracted using methanol and fractionated using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water. Fractination of 29.4 g Capillaster sentosus?s crude extract produced 3.6 g nhexane and ethyl acetate fraction (non-polar fraction) with physiological concentrations of 3.6 mg/mL. The antifeedant assay was conducted by using artificial foods that contained the non polar fraction of Capillaster sentosus?s extract and the control foods, of each in 1 cm3 jelly cubes that were tieded to fishing lines. The foods were subjected to coral reefs fishes at depth of 3--4 m and the amount of food eaten and not eaten by reef fishes was recorded. Chi square analysis (α= 0,01) revealed that there is treatment effect on the feeding preferences of reef fishes. Accordingly, it is concluded that the non polar fraction extract of Capillaster sentosus has an antifeedant activity against reef fishes in Pramuka Island, Kepulauan Seribu, DKI Jakarta.