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Abstrak :
Pemenuhan aksesibilitas hak atas pendidikan merupakan kewajiban yang diselenggarakan oleh negara. Dalam praktiknya, peluang aksesibilitas hak atas pendidikan mengharuskan adanya pengakuan negara melalui identitas hukum. Keduanya bersinggungan tatkala identitas hukum menjadi prasyarat untuk mengakses pendidikan. Berdasarkan Pasal 34 ayat (1) UUD NRI 1945, eksistensi anak terlantar disebutkan secara jelas dan tegas. Problematika timbul ketika anak terlantar tidak memiliki identitas hukum, sehingga tidak dapat mengakses pendidikan. Maka, penelitian skripsi ini mengangkat permasalahan utama tentang upaya pemerintah dalam memberikan pemenuhan aksesibilitas hak atas pendidikan melalui identitas hukum bagi anak terlantar yang ditinjau dari keberlakuan Pasal 4 ayat (1) UU No.20/2003, serta praktiknya di dalam masyarakat. Penelitian ini digunakan metode socio-legal melalui pendekatan kualitatif. Data berupa bahan-bahan hukum dikumpulkan melalui studi kepustakaan didukung dengan hasil observasi di Belakang Taman Ketapang, Pasar Minggu, Jakarta Selatan, serta wawancara terhadap beberapa pihak, seperti KPAI, LPAI, PUSKAPA, dan Yayasan Gemilang Indonesia. Dari hasil analisis dapat dinyatakan bahwa upaya pemerintah dalam memberikan pemenuhan aksesibilitas hak atas pendidikan melalui identitas hukum bagi anak terlantar dapat dilihat melalui implementasi Program Wajib Belajar hingga Pendataan Penduduk Rentan Adminduk. Analisis keberlakuan Pasal 4 ayat (1) UU No.20/2003 yang dikaitkan dengan indikator “tidak diskriminatif” sebagaimana pendapat Katarina Tomasevski, dimaknai bahwa aksesibilitas pendidikan dilakukan melalui penghapusan hambatan terhadap hukum dan administratif. Ketiadaan identitas hukum bagi anak terlantar menjadi aspek krusial yang memberi batasan dan/atau hambatan terhadap pemenuhan dan perlindungan kepentingan anak. Melalui kondisi masyarakat di Belakang Taman Ketapang, Pasar Minggu, Jakarta Selatan, ditemukan terdapat berbagai faktor internal maupun eksternal yang menjadi celah pemenuhan aksesibilitas hak atas pendidikan bagi anak belum terpenuhi secara optimal. Bahwa seyogyanya pemenuhan aksesibilitas hak atas pendidikan melalui identitas hukum bagi anak terlantar tidak serta merta dikatakan diskriminatif, tetapi memiliki potensi diskriminatif. ......The fulfilment of the accessibility of the right to education is an obligation held by the State. In practice, opportunities for accessibility of the right to education requires state recognition through legal identity. For two by that intersect are in conflict when legal identity becomes a prerequisite for access to education. According to the Article 34 paragraph (1) UUD NRI 1945, the existence of the abandoned children was mentioned so explicitly also clearly. The problem arises when the child displaced doesn’t have a legal identity, so they can not access to education. Thus, this thesis reseacrh raises the main issues about how the government's providing the fulfilment accessibility of the right to education through legal identity for the abandoned children by the terms of Article 4 paragraph (1) of the Act Number 20/2003, as well as its practice in society. This research use a socio-legal methods and through with qualitative approach. Data on legal material were collected through literature studies supported by observations at Belakang Taman Ketapang, Pasar Minggu, South Jakarta, also interviews with several parties, such as KPAI, LPAI, PUSKAPA, and Gemilang Foundation Indonesia. The results of the analysis it can be stated that the efforts of the government in providing the fulfilment of the accessibility of the right to education through the legal identity of the abandoned children can be seen through the implementation of the Compulsory Learning Programme, the City Decent Children Policy, and the Data Collection of Vulnerable Population Administration. Analysis the implementation of the Article 4 paragraph (1) of the Act Number 20/2003, which is associated with the indicator of “non-discrimination” as argued by Katarina Tomasevski, means that accessibility of education is carried out through the removal of obstacles to law and administrative barriers. The absence of legal identity for the abandoned children’s be a crucial aspect that constrains and/or obstacles to the fulfilment and protection of the children's interests. Through the conditions of the community at Belakang Taman Ketapang, Pasar Minggu, South Jakarta, was found that there are various internal and external factors has a constitute gaps in the fulfillment accessibility of the right to education for abandoned children had not been fulfilled for optimally. That the implementation of the accessibility of the right to education through legal identity for abandoned children is not immediately said to be discriminatory, but has a potential for discrimination.

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini membahas tantangan komunitas transpuan memperoleh pengakuan identitas hukum di Indonesia. Pasal 56 Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2006 tentang Administrasi Kependudukan dan Pasal 58 Peraturan Presiden Nomor 96 Tahun 2018 tentang Persyaratan dan Tata Cara Pendaftaran Penduduk dan Pencatatan Sipil belum sempurna menangani permasalahan tersebut. Tidak sempurnanya kedua pengaturan hukum tersebut karena pengajuan permohonan pengubahan identitas hukum kepada pengadilan negeri dapat ditolak. Dengan begitu, transpuan di Indonesia tidak mendapatkan salah satu hak dasarnya, yakni identitas hukum. Melalui metode sosio-legal, penelitian ini menganalisis kekurangan kedua pengaturan hukum yang ada dan mewawancarai transpuan di Jakarta Selatan tentang identitas hukum mereka. Hasil ditemukan bahwa para transpuan ini belum melakukan pengubahan identitas hukum karena terintimidasi dengan hukum yang ada. Hal tersebut mengakibatkan keseharian mereka terdapak, termasuk dalam aspek sosial, ekonomi, dan keamanan pribadi. Berdasarkan temuan ini, peneliti memberikan beberapa saran ke depan. Pertama, dicanangkan self-ID law yang memungkinkan transpuan untuk secara langsung mengajukan perubahan identitas tanpa hambatan pengadilan yang berlebihan. Kedua, perlunya kompensasi bagi mereka yang pernah ditolak, serta edukasi intensif bagi petugas pemerintah untuk menghindari diskriminasi. Ketiga, pentingnya dukungan sosial dan hukum yang lebih luas, termasuk layanan kesehatan yang sensitif terhadap transisi gender. Keempat, edukasi masyarakat luas untuk mengurangi stigma terhadap identitas gender yang beragam. Dengan menerapkan saran-saran ini, diharapkan bahwa transpuan di Indonesia dapat mengakses hak mereka untuk identitas hukum dengan lebih mudah dan adil, menjadikan perubahan identitas sebagai bagian normal dari proses transisi mereka. ......This study discusses the challenges faced by trans women in obtaining legal recognition of their identity in Indonesia. Article 56 of Law Number 23 of 2006 on Population Administration and Article 58 of Presidential Regulation Number 96 of 2018 on Population Registration Requirements have not adequately addressed these issues. The imperfections in these legal provisions arise from the potential rejection of applications for legal identity change by district courts. Consequently, trans women in Indonesia are denied a fundamental right, namely legal identity. Using socio-legal methods, this research analyzes the shortcomings of existing legal frameworks and interviews trans women in South Jakarta about their legal identities. The findings reveal that these women have refrained from pursuing legal identity changes due to intimidation by existing laws, impacting their daily lives including social, economic, and personal security aspects. Based on these findings, the researcher proposes several recommendations. First, the implementation of a self-ID law that allows trans women to directly request identity changes without excessive judicial barriers. Second, the need for compensation for those previously denied, along with intensive education for government officials to prevent discrimination. Third, the importance of broader social and legal support, including healthcare services sensitive to gender transitions. Fourth, public education to reduce stigma against diverse gender identities. Implementing these recommendations is expected to facilitate easier and fairer access to legal identity rights for trans women in Indonesia, making identity changes a normal part of their transition process.

Abstrak :
Migrasi tenaga kerja internasional Indonesia dewasa ini direpresentasikan oleh tiga profil utama. Pertama, perempuan Pekerja Rumah Tangga PRT migran di Timur Tengah, yang jumlahnya berangsur-angsur berkurang. Kedua, pekerja rumah tangga migran di negara-negara maju di Asia seperti Hong Kong, Taiwan dan Singapura. Ketiga, laki-laki pekerja migran tidak berdokumen di Malaysia. Tesis ini difokuskan pada kategori kedua dari profil pekerja migran Indonesia, khususnya PRT migran di Hong Kong untuk memperlihatkan bagaimana migrasi tenaga kerja internasional Indonesia adalah migrasi berwajah perempuan akan tetapi akses keadilan perempuan PRT masih terbatas. Untuk melihat bagaimana akses keadilan perempuan PRT migran di Hong Kong, empat aspek dari Akses Keadilan, yaitu permasalahan hukum, literasi hukum, identitas hukum dan bantuan hukum dieksplor melalui penelitian kualitatif berperspektif feminis, menggunakan sudut pandang perempuan PRT migran yang sementara menghadapi permasalahan dengan agen dan/atau pemberi kerja di Hong Kong. Studi dokumen mengenai permasalahan hukum dilakukan terhadap Undang-Undang No. 18/2017 mengenai Perlindungan Pekerja Migran Indonesia dan Ordininansi Ketenagakerjaan serta Kontrak Kerja Standar Hong Kong, sedangkan studi lapangan mengenai literasi hukum, identitas hukum dan bantuan hukum dilakukan melalui wawancara mendalam terhadap lima subyek utama penelitian, FGD dan observasi. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan perempuan masih terkendala akses keadilan karena instrumen hukum belum memperhitungkan pengalaman perempuan, terbatasnya literasi hukum, ketiadaan akses terhadap dokumen identitas hukum dan layanan bantuan hukum yang terbatas dari negara.

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International labor migration of Indonesian migrant workers nowadays is represented by three main profiles that is female domestic workers in Middle East itself even though the number is less compare to previous years, migrant domestic worker in developing countries such as Hong Kong, Taiwan and Singapore, which increasing in number and the last category is undocumented male migrant workers in Malaysia who work on plantations. This thesis focuses on the second category, particularly Migrant Domestic Workers MDWs in Hong Kong to show how international labor migration has female face, but access to justice of female MDWs is still constrained. Access to justice here refers to four aspects that are legal problem, legal literacy, legal identity and legal aid. To explore these aspects, a qualitative feminist based research has been conducted using the life story of five Indonesian female MDWs who is now engage in legal proceedings due to disputes caused by both agencies and employers. At the same time, documentary study was also conducted toward the newest Indonesian The Law No.18 2017 on Protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers as well as Hong Kong law that are Employment Ordinance and Standard Working Contract of Foreign Domestic Helper. The research results show that women are restricted to access justice because legal instrument does not include women rsquo s experiences yet, the legal literacy of MDWs is limited, female MDWs do not have proper access to their legal identities as well as limited legal aid provided by the state.