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"This paper analyzes the relationship between corruption and realization of human rights in a specific case, the realization of the right to education by utilizing human rights standards concerning the right to education as the parameter of human rights realization. An Indonesian case law about corruption of Bantuan Operasional Sekolah funds in Malang is selected as primary legal data in this paper to provide empirical evidence one of the cases of corruption in education sector. Norm entrepreneurship as part of contructivist theory is selected to explain the phenomenon of emerging scholarly studies and discussion about corruption as a violation of human rights and this paper aims to draw the link between corruption and its negative impact to the realization of human rights in case analysis."

"In the context past gross human rights violation cases in Indonesia, the President’s constitutionalauthority to propose amnesty law might by and large implicate legal and ethical aspects.Holistically, any forgiveness and oblivion against any human rights violators should consider thedevelopment and the dynamic of international criminal law, which arguably have been directedto an absolute individual criminal responsibility. Against this issue, this paper finds that based onlegal and ethical arguments, accompanied with various technical preconditions outlined in theBelfast Guideline on Amnesty and Accountability, an amnesty towards past gross human rightsviolators must be taken paradigmatically. Arguably, amnesty proceeding through an independentad hoc committee shall be able to challenge Indonesia’s transitional framework, namely: to workas a historian and a jurist. This suggests that the elements of amnesty, both procedural andsubstantial, need to work in the area of deliberative democracy that calls for public participationand the protection of human rights.Dalam konteks kasus pelanggaran berat hak asasi manusia (HAM) di Indonesia, kewenanganPresiden dalam memberikan amnesti dapat berimplikasi pada dua aspek, yakni: legal dan etik.Secara holistik, pemaafan dan pelupaan terhadap para pelanggar HAM pada masa lalu patutmempertimbangkan perkembangan dan dinamika hukum pidana internasional, yang mengarahpada pertanggungjawaban pidana secara absolut. Tulisan ini menyimpulkan bahwa logikaargumentatif secara legal dan etik, serta berbagai prasyarat teknis di dalam Belfast Guidelineon Amnesty and Accountability mengindikasikan bahwa amnesti terhadap pelanggar HAM masalalu harus dilakukan secara paradigmatik. Dalam hal ini, proses amnesti melalui komite ad hocyang mandiri dapat menjawab dua tantangan dalam kerangka kerja transisional di Indonesia,yakni: untuk bekerja sebagai sejarawan dan juga praktisi hukum. Dengan demikian, kebijakanamnesti mengisyaratkan bahwa elemen-elemen amnesti secara prosedural dan substantif wajibdijalankan dalam area demokrasi deliberatif yang menghendaki adanya partisipasi publik danperlindungan terhadap HAM."

"Praktik ekonomi gig terus berkembang di Indonesia tanpa adanya regulasi yang mampu mengontrolnya. Salah satu bentuk implementasinya adalah hubungan kemitraan yang mulai merambah ke berbagai bidang pekerjaan, termasuk jasa pengantaran barang. Ketiadaan regulasi mengakibatkan pekerja mitra kurir berada pada kondisi kerja yang tidak layak dan tereksploitasi oleh perusahaan ekspedisi. Padahal, negara memiliki tanggung jawab di bidang hak asasi manusia untuk memastikan terwujudnya kesejahteraan pekerja. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji bagaimana kejahatan terhadap pekerja kurir terjadi dalam ekonomi gig serta apa yang melatarbelakangi keterlibatan negara dan korporasi dalam kejahatan ini. Menggunakan pendekatan kritis dengan pengumpulan data primer berupa wawancara terhadap pekerja mitra kurir, ahli ketenagakerjaan, serta Kementerian Ketenagakerjaan RI, didukung oleh data sekunder berupa regulasi ketenagakerjaan di Indonesia, dokumen lembaga, serta penelitian terdahulu, kejahatan negara dalam ekonomi gig terungkap. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa pekerja kurir dalam hubungan kemitraan mengalami pelanggaran sejumlah hak pekerja sehingga tereksploitasi. Melalui ketiadaan regulasi, korporasi dapat dengan bebas melakukannya. Kejahatan negara terjadi melalui pembiaran terhadap eksploitasi pekerja mitra dalam ekonomi gig serta pemfasilitasan korporasi untuk dapat terus melakukan eksploitasi. Ini semua dimungkinkan oleh hegemoni neoliberal. Sebagai produk dari paham neoliberal, ekonomi gig dipandang sebagai suatu keniscayaan. Hegemoni neoliberal kemudian mengakibatkan negara terperangkap sehingga menaruh keberpihakan kepada korporasi, alih-alih pada perlindungan pekerja. Kondisi ketiadaan regulasi terus dipertahankan negara karena pembentukan regulasi yang menjamin hak pekerja gig akan merugikan korporasi. Kejahatan negara yang terjadi lahir dari pilihan negara untuk tidak melakukan apa-apa. Oleh karena itu, negara harus keluar dari perangkap neoliberalisme dengan mengontrol praktik ekonomi gig secara tegas dan ketat melalui regulasi dan penguatan pengawasan ketenagakerjaan.

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Gig economic practices continue to flourish in Indonesia without any regulation capable of controlling them. One form of implementation is a partnership model that has begun to spread into various fields of employment, including delivery services. The absence of regulations results in courier workers in partnership models being in inadequate working conditions and being exploited by expedition companies. In fact, the state has a responsibility in the area of human rights to ensure the welfare of workers. The study aims to examine how crimes against courier workers occur in the gig economy and what is behind the involvement of the state and corporations in these crimes. Using a critical approach to collecting primary data in the form of interviews with courier partners, employment experts, as well as the Indonesian Ministry of Manpower, supported by secondary data in the form of Indonesian employment regulation, institutional documents, and previous research, state crimes in the gig economy were revealed. This research found that courier workers in partnership relationships experienced violations of a number of workers' rights and were therefore exploited. Through the absence of regulation, corporations can freely do so. State crimes then occur through allowing the exploitation of partner workers in the gig economy as well as facilitating corporations to continue to carry out the exploitation. This is all made possible by neoliberal hegemony. As a product of neoliberal understanding, the gig economy is seen as an inevitability. Neoliberal hegemony then results in the state being captured into taking sides with corporations, rather than protecting the workers. The condition of non-regulation continues to be maintained by the state because the creation of regulations that guarantee the rights of gig workers will be detrimental to corporations. The state crimes that occur arise from the state's choice not to do anything. Therefore, the state must get out of the neoliberalism capture by firmly and strictly controlling gig economy practices through regulations and strengthening labor inspections."

"Serious Human Rights violation in East Timor alleged by HAM Adhoc Jakarta court Attorney where conducted by Police Member (as Defendant) insufficient of evidence, so that the Judge ceremony break free. Serious HAM Collision case that happened before this code of law is invited, formed a HAM Ad hoc Justice after proposed by DPR through President Decision. Crystal clear, Timor Timur case is wight to political aspect compared to legal aspect and competent in consequence terminated.

To terminate various case East Timor, Indonesia Government offer a solution through choice for two options, refuse or accept the autonomy. At May 5'h 1999 in New York, this option is written into an agreement between Indonesia" and Portugal under wings of UN Secretary General. In this agreement, agreed that Indonesia Government hold responsible to keep peace and security in East Timor, to ascertain enforceable opinion determination by fair and peaceful, which free from intimidation, hardness or interference from various parties.

But the effect of determination of this opinion emerging riot as a result of dissatisfy group of pro-autonomy which fail in determination of this opinion. Effect of the riots and incidence, hence Police as law enforcer and protector of society which that moment undertake in East Timor, is blamed and assumed to conduct serious Human Rights violation. To prove that Police have conducted matter alleged, this thesis tried to prove that police have run its duty by answering three following question:

1. What will be Police role in handling riot after polling opinion at the date of 4'h of September 1999 causing killing of a number of people?

2. Operation and security action like what conducted by Police?

3. What is the negative impacts that emerge as effect of action of the operation and security that included in serious Human Rights violation?"

"Hak asasi manusia adalah seperangkat hak yang melekat pada manusia dan universal. Pelanggaran terhadap HAM, baik yang dilakukan oleh aparat negara terhadap warga negara atau dilakukan oleh sesama warga negara, berarti mengingkari martabat manusia. Pelanggaran HAM-pun terbagi dua, yaitu pelanggaran HAM biasa dan pelanggaran HAM berat. Pelanggaran HAM berat menurut Pasal 7 Undang-Undang No. 26 Tahun 2000 Tentang Pengadilan HAM adalah pelanggaran HAM yang meliputi kejahatan genosida dan kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan. Seiring dengan perkembangan masyarakat dan hukum, pada saat ini dikenal dua macam subjek hukum, yaitu subjek hukum manusia dan badan hukum (rechtpersoon/legal person). Badan hukum atau dalam lingkup hukum pidana disebut dengan korporasi, seperti perusahaan multinasional dan perusahaan raksasa, adalah suatu perusahaan yang memiliki kekuatan ekonomi yang sangat kuat, bahkan hingga melebihi kekuatan ekonomi suatu negara. Sampai pada saat ini, Indonesia belum memiliki perangkat hukum yang dapat meminta pertanggung jawaban korporasi atas pelanggaran HAM berat yang mungkin dilakukannya. Demikian juga dalam Rome Statute of The International Criminal Court, dimana Undang-Undang No. 26 tahun 2000 banyak mengadopsi konsep-konsep (materiil dan formil) yang berada didalamnya. Sehingga menarik untuk menganalisis perbuatan seperti apa yang (dapat) dikategorikan sebagai pelanggaran HAM berat oleh korporasi dan bagaimanakah pertanggungjawaban korporasi untuk diterapkan pada tindak pidana pelanggaran HAM berat. Dalam penelitian ini, metode yang akan digunakan adalah metode kepustakaan yang bersifat yuridis normatif. Alat pengumpulan data yang akan dipergunakan adalah studi kepustakaan. Kasus yang akan digunakan sebagai pengandaian untuk menjawab pokok permasalahan dan dianalisa dalam penelitian ini didasarkan pada pengajuan tuntutan sipil oleh International Labor Rights Fund atas nama tujuh lelaki dan empat wanita Aceh terhadap Exxon Mobil Corporation di Pengadilan Distrik Columbia. Metode pengolahan data yang digunakan adalah pengolahan data secara kualitatif, sehingga menghasilkan penelitian dalam bentuk deskriptif analitis.

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Human rights are a basic and fundamental rights entitled to every human being. Violation of human rights perpetrated by apparatus of a state or among citizen of a state indicates a denial of human race's dignity. There are two types of human rights violation, and gross violation of human rights. The article 7 of The Law No. 26 of 2000 concerning The Court of Human Right Violation defines gross violation of human rights as human rights intrusion that comprises of genocide and crimes against humanity. As legal science and society develops, two types of legal subject are already comprehended widely, natural person and legal person (rechtpersoon). Legal person in criminal law subject, namely corporation such as Multinational Corporation and other giant corporation are companies that possess large economic power that surpassed a state economic power.

Until this moment, Indonesia has not yet established any set of regulation to penalize corporations for gross violation of human right that might be committed during its business operation. Lack of regulation related to this issue also occurs in The Rome Statute of International Criminal Court that had been adopted to the Law No. 26 of 2000. This law adopted material and formal concept within the statute. It is interesting to analyze "a conduct" that can be categorized as gross violation of human right perpetrated by corporation, and whether or not a corporation could be held as liable for committing gross violation of human rights.

This research is a literature study using normative-juridical methods. Data collected in this research is mostly literatures and a case to presuppose the answer of the research questions is a civil suit by International Labor Rights Fund on behalf of seven men and four women from Aceh versus Exxon Mobil Corporation in Columbia USA District Court. Data analyses method in use for this research is qualitative methods, thus the result of this research will be in the form of analytic-descriptive report."

"Aceh, yang terletak di ujung utara Sumatera, dulunya dikenal sebagai Serambi Mekkah dan merupakan provinsi yang sangat unik dibandingkan dengan provinsi lain di Indonesia. Saat ini, Aceh masih merupakan salah satu provinsi yang paling konservatif dan religius di Indonesia. Peraturan perundang-undangan nasional, melalui Undang-undang Nomor 11 tahun 2006 tentang Pemerintahan Aceh, memungkinkan Aceh, sebagai daerah otonom khusus, untuk menegakkan hukum syariah, yang berasal dari ajaran agama Islam, khususnya Al-Quran dan Hadis. Pasal 125 Undang-Undang Pemerintahan Aceh menetapkan bahwa  pelaksanaan hukum syariah di Aceh harus dilakukan melalui pemberlakuan Qanun. Qanun adalah peraturan Islam, setara dengan Peraturan Daerah (Perda) namun isi Qanun harus didasarkan pada Islam dan tidak bertentangan dengan hukum syariah. Qanun terakhir, yang merupakan konsolidasi dari Qanun-qanun sebelumnya adalah Hukum Pidana Islam, yang diperkenalkan melalui Qanun Nomor 6 tahun 2014 tentang Hukum Jinayat (Qanun Jinayat). Peraturan tersebut secara resmi disahkan pada bulan Oktober dan mulai berlaku pada 23 Oktober 2015 dan sejak diperkenalkan di Aceh, implementasinya telah melahirkan kontroversi di masyarakat, baik di tingkat lokal, nasional maupun internasional, terutama karena adanya legitimasi hukuman badan yaitu hukuman cambuk. Di sisi lain, sebagai anggota PBB, Indonesia  telah meratifikasi Konvensi Menentang Penyiksaan dan Perlakuan Atau Hukuman Lain Yang Kejam, Tidak Manusiawi, atau Merendahkan Martabat Manusia, Konvensi Hak Sipil dan Politik, dan Konvensi Anti Diskriminasi terhadap Perempuan, serta Konvensi Hak-hak Anak. Lebih lanjut lagi, dalam sistem hukum positif di Indonesia, KUHP tidak mengenal jenis hukuman cambuk.

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Aceh distincts itself as a very unique province compared to other provinces in Indonesia. Today, Aceh is still among Indonesia’s most religiously conservative and observant provinces.  The national legislation, through Law Number 11 of 2006 concerning The Government of Aceh, allows Aceh, as a special autonomous region to enforce the syariah (Islamic) law, which derives from the religious precept of Islam, particularly the Quran and the Hadith.  Article 125 of the Law of the Government of Aceh stipulates that the implementation of the syariah law in Aceh must be done through the enactment of a Qanun. Qanun is an Islamic bylaw, equivalent to the  Regional Regulation (Perda) however the content of the Qanun must be based on Islam and shall not contradict with the syariah law. The latest Qanun, which is the consolidation of the three previous Qanun was the Islamic Criminal Law, introduced through Qanun Number 6 of 2014 concerning The Jinayat Law (Qanun Jinayat). The bylaw was formally enacted in October and entered into effect in 23 October 2015 and since its introduction in Aceh, its implementation has spawned controversy in the community, both at the local (Aceh) and national level including capturing global attention, particularly due to the legitimation of corporal punishment in Indonesia, namely caning. In addition to such, as a UN Member, Indonesia has ratified the Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman and Degrading Treatment or Punishment, the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and the Convention on the Rights of the Child. On the other hand, Indonesia's criminal system (KUHP) does not recognize corporal punishment."

"Skripsi ini membahas tentang bagaimana pemerintah Indonesia melakukan kejahatan dalam melakukan kebijakan privatisasi air bagi warga DKI Jakarta. Teori yang dipakai dalam skripsi ini adalah kejahatan negara yang dilakukan karena melakukan pelanggaran HAM oleh Julia dan Herman Scwendinger, teori Strukturasi oleh Giddens, dan crimes of domination oleh Quinney. Skripsi ini melihat bagaimana praktik-praktik yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah Indonesia tidak terlepas dari dan mendukung adanya struktur yang lebih besar dalam globalisasi. Indonesia dihegemoni oleh Bank Dunia dalam rangka globalisasi yang kemudian diberi reaksi oleh Indonesia sebagai bentuk adaptasi struktural sehingga pemerintah Indonesia melakukan crimes of domination. Dalam hal ini, pemerintah Indonesia melakukan kejahatan dengan adanya pelanggaran hak asasi manusia atas air bersih terhadap warga DKI Jakarta. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kriminologi kritis untuk mengkaji masalah kebijakan privatisasi air bersih ini. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif dengan studi dokumen, wawancara, FGD, dan penelusuran data sekunder sebagai teknik mengumpulkan data.

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This thesis discusses about how the Indonesian government commit a crime in doing water privatization policy for the Jakarta citizens. The theory and concept used in this thesis are a state crime for committing human rights violations by Julia and Herman Schwendinger, Structuration theory by Giddens, and crimes of domination by Quinney. This thesis sees how the practices done by the government of Indonesia cannot be separated from and promote the bigger structure in the globalization. World Bank performs hegemony in the context of globalization to Indonesia whose the reaction, as a form of structural adaptation, is committing crimes of domination. In this case, the Indonesian government commit a crime in the presence of human right to water violation to the people in Jakarta. This study uses critical criminology approach to study the problem of clean water privatization policy. The method used is a qualitative method with the documents study, interviews, focus group discussions, and secondary data retrieval as data gathering technique."