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"A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the problem of nutritional status and intestinal helminthiasis among underfive children in three selected refugee centers in Kupang District, East Nusa Tenggara and to identify possible relationship between intestinal helminthiasis and nutritional status. A number of 188 children 12-59 months of age were involved in this study. All three refugee centers showed that Ascaris lumbricoides was most common (29.0% in Naibonat, 28.8% in Noelbaki and 23.4% in Tuapukan), followed by hookworm (25.8% in Naibonat, 10.0% in Noelbaki and 3.9% in Tuapukan) and the least common was Trichuris trichiura (6.3% in Noelbaki, 3.2% in Noelbaki and 0% in Tuapukan). Based on the WHO?s criteria the intensity of intestinalhelminthiasis in all three refugee centers were low. Nutritional status was characterized by high of prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting in all three refugee centers. The prevalence of underweight was 28.6% in Tuapukan, 25.8% in Naibonat, and 18.8% in Noelbaki. The prevalence of stunting was 29.0% in Naibonat, 20% in Noelbaki and23.4% in Tuapukan. While the prevalence of wasting was 8.8% in Noelbaki, 6.5% in Naibonat and 3.9% in Tuapukan. For anemia, 75% of children in Noelbaki, 71.4% in Tuapukan and 45.2% in Naibonat had haemoglobin level less than 11 g/dl. There was no significant association between the prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides and nutritional status of children also between the intensity of Ascaris Iumbricoides and nutritional status."

"ABSTRAKPembangunan Sumberdaya Manusia merupakan salah satu tujuan utama dari Pembangunan Jangka Panjang Kedua (PIP II). Kualitas sumberdaya manusia di masa mendatang ikut ditentukan oleh status kesehatan anak Indonesia saat ini. Infeksi Soil Transmitted Helminths (kecacingan), yang berpengaruh negatif terhadap kesehatan dan tumbuh kembang anak, masih tinggi angka kejadiannya, terutama pada anak usia sekolah dasar. Faktor-faktor yang diduga menyebabkan tingginya angka kejadian kecacingan ini adalah kondisi sanitasi lingkungan yang belum memadai, kebersihan diri yang buruk, tingkat pendidikan dan kondisi sosial ekonomi yang rendah, pengetahuan, sikap dan perilaku hidup sehat yang belum membudaya, serta kondisi geografis yang sesuai untuk kehidupan dan perkembangbiakan cacing.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah diperolehnya informasi tentang prevalensi dan intensitas kecacingan pada murid di 51 SD di Kabupaten Karanganyar serta hubungannya dengan pengetahuan murid, perilaku murid, pendidikan ibu, pengetahuan orangtua, kondisi ekonomi, dan kondisi sanitasi lingkungan.Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan potong lintang (cross sectional) dan bersifat deskriptif. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder yang merupakan hasil penelitian dalam rangka monitoring dan evaluasi Proyek "Kemitraan Indonesia untuk Perkembangan Anak" di Kabupaten Karanganyar, Jawa Tengah, tahun 1995. Sampel dari penelitian ini adalah 539 murid di 51 SD di Kabupaten Karanganyar, yang dipilih secara bertahap dengan menggunakan teknik simple random sampling dan systematic random sampling. Pemeriksaan adanya telur cacing di dalam tinja dilakukan dengan metoda Kato-Katz, sedangkan untuk variabel-variabel yang lain pengukuran dilakukan dengan menggunakan kuesioner dan pengamatan/pemeriksaan langsung pada obyek penelitian.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa prevalensi kecacingan pada murid di 51 SD di Kabupaten Karanganyar adalah 31,5 persen. Prevalensi pada masing-masing jenis cacing adalah infeksi cacing gelang 8,7 persen, infeksi cacing cambuk 15,6 persen, dan infeksi cacing tambang 17,6 persen. Intensitas infeksi yang terjadi sebagian besar termasuk kategori sangat ringan sampai ringan. Hasil analisis multivariat menunjukkan bahwa ada tiga variabel yang secara bersama-sama berhubungan dengan kejadian kecacingan (semua jenis), yaitu pengetahuan murid, perilaku murid, dan kondisi ekonomi. Dan basil analisis multivariat didapatkan dua variabel yang secara bersama-sama berhubungan dengan kejadian infeksi cacing gelang, yaitu pendidikan ibu dan kondisi sanitasi lingkungan. Sedangkan untuk cacing cambuk, hanya didapatkan satu variabel yang berhubungan dengan kejadian infeksi cacing cambuk, yaitu pengetahuan murid. Hasil analisis multivariat dengan regresi logistik multipel (backward elimination) menunjukkan bahwa ada empat variabel yang secara bersama-sama berhubungan dengan kejadian infeksi cacing tambang, yaitu pengetahuan murid, perilaku murid, kondisi ekonomi, dan kondisi sanitasi lingkungan. Dengan analisis multivariat (Manova) didapatkan interaksi antara pendidikan ibu dan kondisi ekonomi berhubungan dengan intensitas infeksi cacing gelang, sedangkan intensitas infeksi cacing cambuk berhubungan dengan interaksi antara pendidikan ibu, kondisi ekonomi dan kondisi sanitasi lingkungan. Dengan uji Manava didapatkan dua variabel batas (yaitu pendidikan ibu dan kondisi sanitasi lingkungan) dan empat interaksi (yaitu pengetahuan murid dan perilaku murid; pendidikan ibu dan kondisi sanitasi lingkungan; kondisi ekonomi dan kondisi sanitasi lingkungan; dan pendidikan ibu, kondisi ekonomi dan kondisi sanitasi lingkungan) yang berhubungan dengan intensitas infeksi cacing tambang.Dibandingkan dengan hasil penelitian-penelitian lain, pada penelitian ini didapatkan prevalensi cacing tambang yang relatif lebih tinggi. Upaya-upaya yang disarankan untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut antara lain pemberian obat cacing yang adekuat, pendidikan kesehatan bagi ibu maupun murid SD, serta program perbaikan perumahan dan kondisi sanitasi lingkungan.

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ABSTRACT

Human resources development is one of the main objectives of the Indonesian second long-term development (PJP II). The quality of human resources in the future is determined by health and nutrition status of the children at the present time. The prevalence of soil-transmitted helminthiasis (worm infection), which have adverse effects on child health and development, is high especially among primary school children. Factors which are associated with the high prevalence of worm infection are poor housing and environmental sanitation, low socio-economic and educational status, inadequate knowledge and practice, and unfavourable geographic condition.

The aim of this study is to get information on the prevalence and intensity of soil-transmitted helminthiasis and their relationship with the children's knowledge and practice, educational level of the mothers, the parents' knowledge and economic status, and housing and environmental sanitation.

The study was conducted in 51 elementary schools in Karanganyar District, Central Java in a cross sectional manner. Secondary data from "Mitra" Project (1995) was used. The total sample was 539 students aged from 8 to 13. The children's stool were examined by the Kato-Katz method. Other data was collected by using structured questionnaires.

The prevalence of all kinds of worm infection was 31,5 percent. The prevalence of ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm was 8,7 percent, 15,6 percent, and I7,6 percent respectively. Most of the infection were at mild intensity. Multivariate analysis with backward elimination logistic multiple regression tests showed that the children's knowledge, children's practice, and the parents' economic status had significant association with worm infection. Mother's educational level and housing and environmental sanitation were significantly associated with ascariasis. Only children's knowledge was significantly associated with trichuriasis, while for hookworm infection children's knowledge, children's practice, parents' economic status, and housing and environmental sanitation were significant determinants. Multivariate analysis with Multi-way analysis of variance (Manova) showed that there was interaction between mother's educational level and parents' economic status which was significantly associated with the intensity of ascariasis. Interaction among mother's educational level, parents' economic status and housing and enviromental sanitation had significant relationship with the intensity of trichuriasis. Two main variables (i.e. mother's educational level and housing and environmental) and four interactions (i.e. children's knowledge and children's practice, mother's educational level and housing and environmental sanitation, parents? economic status and housing and environmental sanitation, and mother's educational level, economic status, and housing and environmental sanitation) were significantly associated with the intensity of hookworm infection.

The study showed that compare to the other studies' results, the prevalence of hookworm infection was relatively high. Adequate deworrning, health education, and improvement of housing and environmental sanitation were suggested to reduce hookworm infection among school children in Karanganyar District, Central Java.

ix + 123 pages: 31 tables, 14 schemas, 4 appendices

Reading: 53 (1983-1996)."

"ABSTRACTThe study was conducted to investigate whether the intestinal helminthiasis influence the acute phase response (APR), nutritional status and iron status, and the impact of anthelminthic treatment on the APR and iron status among school children 8 - 11 years old in SD 01 and 02 Papanggo, Tanjung Priok, North Jakarta. The prevalence of helminthiasis among these children was regarding to Ascaris lumbricoides 81.6 %, T richuris Trichiura 88.3 % and mixed infection A.lumbricoides and T : trichiura 70 %. Of 120 children enrolled in this study, 59 children received a single 400 mg dose Albendazole, 61 children received placebo.The design of this study was a cross sectional association study combined with a randomized, doubly-masked, community intervention trial. At the beginning of the study, anthropometric measurements were taken. In addition, stool samples, plasma iron, hemoglobin, C-reactive protein (CRP), White Blood Cell (WBC), Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR), Interleukin-1 (IL-I), Interleuldn-6 (IL-6) and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) concentrations were determined prior to the interventions and 10 days after.The children with Z-score of WFA, WFH and FIFA less than -2 were 24,2 %, 6,7 % and 19.2 %, respectively. Of 30 % of the subjects were anemic (Hb <12 g /dl) and 21.6 % had plasma iron levels below normal (male < 59 µg/dl, female < 37µg/dl).CRP,IL-1,IL-6 and TNF showed normal values in both groups before and 10 days after treatment. ESR was significantly increased in both groups 10 days after treatment. Within group increases in WBC count was significant only in the treatment group.Plasma iron concentration was significantly increased in the treatment group (P = < 0.05) whereas it was significantly decreased in the placebo group (P = < 0.05). Increases in hemoglobin level in the treatment group and the decrease in the control group were no statistically significant.This study concluded that the APR were normal during the intestinal helminthiasis and the intensity of infection were not proportional with the APR level, The helminth treatment with single 400 mg dose of Albendazole has not only a significant effect on decreasing worm burden but also a rise in plasma iron."

"Latar Belakang: Infeksi STH merupakan salah satu infeksi yang paling sering terjadi di dunia terutama di negara-negara berkembang seperti Indonesia. Infeksi STH dapat menimbulkan morbiditas bahkan mortalitas tergantung dari intensitas infeksi dan respon imun hospes. Respon imun hospes terhadap infeksi STH antara lain berupa produksi berbagai kadar sitokin termasuk IL-4, IL-10, TNF-?, dan IFN-?. Tujuan : Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa hubungan antara berbagasi status infeksi STH dengan kadar IL-4, IL-10, TNF-?, dan IFN-?. Metode : Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan teknik potong lintang menggunakan data penduduk Kecamatan Nangapanda dari penelitian sebelumnya pada tahun 2009. Hasil : Dari total 118 subjek penelitian, prevalensi infeksi STH di Kecamatan Nangapanda didapatkan sebesar 45,80. Prevalensi pada subjek berusia < 60 tahun sebesar 39,13 dan pada subjek > 60 tahun sebesar 69,23. Nilai tengah kadar sitokin IL-4, IL-10, TNF-?, dan IFN-? pada subjek penelitian secara berturut-turut didapatkan sebesar 20,80 pg/ml, 21,74 pg/ml, 3,20 pg/ml, dan 1,60 pg/ml. Terdapat hubungan bermakna antara usia dengan status infeksi dengan prevalensi lebih tinggi pada kelompok usia > 60 tahun dan tidak ditemukan hubungan bermakna antara infeksi STH dengan kadar sitokin IL-4, IL-10, TNF-?, dan IFN-?, kecuali antara status infeksi kombinasi Ascaris dan cacing tambang pada penduduk Kecamatan Nangapanda. Kesimpulan : Tidak terdapat hubungan bermakna antara status infeksi STH dengan keempat kadar sitokin, namun terdapat hubungan bermakna antara status infeksi STH kombinasi A. lumbricoides dan cacing tambang terhadap kadar sitokin IL-4.

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Introduction: Soil Transmitted Helminth STH infection is one of the most common infection in the world especially in developing country like Indonesia. STH infection causes various morbidity and even lead to mortality depending on infection intensity and host immune resposne. Host immune response evokes various cytokine production including IL 4, IL 10, TNF, and IFN.

Objective: This study aims to obtain the prevalence of STH infection in a population living in Nangapanda district, to describe IL 4, IL 10, TNF, and IFN cytokine counts of the population, as well as to investigate the relationship between STH infection and cytokine counts of IL 4, IL 10, TNF, and IFN.

Method: This study used cross sectional method based on the data from a previous study that was conducted in Nangapanda district back in 2009.

Result: From a total of 118 subjects, the prevalence of STH infection found in Nangapanda district was 45,80. The prevalence of subject 60 years old was 39,13 and 60 years old was 69,23. The median of IL 4, IL 10, TNF, and IFN counts of the subject population, respectively was 20,80 pg ml, 21,74 pg ml, 3,20 pg ml, and 1,60 pg ml. There was significant relationship between age and STH infection status with higher prevalence in subject 60 years old but there was no significant relationship between STH infection status and cytokine counts of IL 4, IL 10, TNF, and IFN except between Ascaris and hookworm infection and IL 4 count.

Conclusion: There is no significant difference between STH infection status and cytokine count except between Ascaris and hookworm coinfection with IL 4 count."