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Abstrak :
Penggunaan berbagai pelarut organik volatil di labotatorium pengujian menimbulkan risiko terhadap dampak kesehatan baik dalam jangka pendek maupun jangka panjang. Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan kajian risiko kesehatan. Chemical Health Risk assessment (CHRA) atau kajian risiko kesehatan yang dikembangkan oleh Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH), Ministry of Human Resources, Malaysia (2018) digunakan dalam studi ini untuk menilai risiko kesehatan akibat pajanan inhalasi dan dermal dari 3 (tiga) pelarut organik volatil yaitu chloroform, dichlorometane, dan tetrachloroethylee. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap 3 (tiga) karyawan laboratorium PT X yang bekerja di 3 (tiga) lokasi ruangan yang berbeda. Penilaian tingkat risiko atau risk rating (RR) pajanan bahan kimia melalui inhalasi dilakukan secara kualitatif dan kuantitaif, sedangkan pajanan melalui dermal dinilai secara kualitatif saja. Diperoleh bahwa hasil penilain tingkat risiko pajanan bahan kimiakimia melalui inhalasi secara kualitatif adalah chloroform (RR=16) dengan tingkat risiko tinggi, dichlorometane (RR=15) dengan tingkat risiko menengah, dan tetrachloroethylene (RR=12) dengan tingkat risiko menengah Hasil penilaian tingkat risiko pajanan bahan kimia melalui inhalasi secara kuantitaif adalah chloroform (TWA pengukuran = 18,460 ppm) dengan tingkat risiko tinggi (RR=20), dichlorometane (TWA pengukuran = 0,362 ppm) dengan tingkat risiko rendah (RR=3), dan tetrachloroethylene (TWA pengukuran = 0,560) dengan tingkat risiko rendah (RR=3). Hasil penilaian tingkat risiko pajanan bahan kimia melalui dermal secara kualitatif dengan luas area kontak kecil dan durasi panjang adalah chloroform (M2) dengan tingkat risiko menengah, dichlorometane (M2) dengan tingkat risiko menengah dan tetrachloroethylene (M2) dengan tingkat risiko menengah. Pengendalian untuk menurunkan risiko pajanan chloroform melalui inhalasi (AP-3) direkomendasikan dalam penelitian ini.

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The use of various organic solvents in the laboratory test the risks to health risks in both the short and long term. Therefore a health risk assessment is needed. The Chemical Health Risk Assessment (CHRA) or health risk assessment developed by the Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH), Ministry of Human Resources, Malaysia (2018) was used in this study to estimate health risks due to inhalation and dermal exposure of 3 (three ) volatile organic solvents namely chloroform, dichloromethane and tetrachloroethylee. The study was conducted on 3 (three) PT X laboratory employees who worked in 3 (three) different room locations. Assessment of the level of risk or risk rating (RR) exposure chemicals through inhalation is carried out qualitatively and quantitatively, while exposure through dermal through qualitative publications. Obtained from the results of the qualitative assessment of the risk of exposure to chemicals through inhalation were chloroform (RR = 16) with high risk levels, dichloromethane (RR = 15) with the level of moderate risk, and tetrachlorethylene (RR = 12) with a high risk of exposure risk chemicals through determination of chloroform levels (TWA = 18,460 ppm) with high risk levels (RR = 20), dichloromethane (measurement TWA = 0.362 ppm) with low risk levels (RR = 3), and tetrachlorethylene (TWA. = 0.560) with levels low risk (RR = 3). The qualitative progress of the level of exposure to chemicals through the skin with a large area of small contact and long duration is chloroform (M2) with an inflation rate, dichloromethane (M2) with a high risk level and tetrachlorethylene (M2) with a medium risk level. Control to reduce the risk of exposure to chloroform through inhalation (AP-3) was approved in this study.

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini bertujuan menjelaskan proses pengambilan keputusan keikutsertaan individu dalam vaksinasi COVID-19 yang dilatarbelakangi oleh pandangan tentang risiko COVID-19 dan tekanan struktural berupa kebijakan kewajiban penerimaan suntikan vaksin bagi masyarakat. Studi-studi sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa faktor internal berupa kepercayaan terhadap vaksin dan juga pandangan risiko kesehatan akibat paparan virus COVID-19, serta faktor eksternal berupa interaksi peer-to-peer dan ikatan sosial individu dalam komunitas, sebagai dua faktor yang bergerak secara terpisah dalam melatarbelakangi keputusan seseorang dalam melakukan vaksinasi. Peneliti berargumen bahwa terdapat keterkaitan antara faktor internal dan faktor eksternal sebagai dua hal yang bergerak secara beriringan dalam proses pengambilan keputusan keikutsertaan individu yang pada awalnya memutuskan menolak suntikan vaksin COVID-19. Hasil studi ini menunjukkan bahwa keputusan vaksin pada individu berubah ketika faktor internal berupa pandangan bahwa paparan virus COVID-19 tidak berbahaya bagi kondisi tubuh, diintervensi oleh faktor eksternal berupa tekanan kebijakan pemerintah yang mewajibkan penerimaan suntikan vaksin bagi masyarakat. Hal tersebut menunjukkan bahwa faktor eksternal memiliki kekuatan yang lebih besar dalam mendorong keputusan individu untuk melakukan vaksin COVID-19 daripada faktor internal. Studi ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data primer melalui wawancara mendalam kepada individu dari kelompok masyarakat umum yang pada awalnya menolak suntikan vaksin kemudian memutuskan untuk menerima suntikan vaksin COVID-19. ......This study aims to explain the decision-making process for individual participation in COVID-19 vaccination which is motivated by views about the risk of COVID-19 and structural pressures in the form of mandatory policies for receiving vaccine injections for the community. Previous studies have shown that internal factors in the form of trust in vaccines and also the view of health risks due to exposure to the COVID-19 virus, as well as external factors such as peer-to-peer interactions and social ties of individuals in the community, as two factors that move separately in the background. a person's decision to vaccinate. The researcher argues that there is a link between internal factors and external factors as two things that move hand in hand in the decision-making process for the participation of individuals who initially decided to refuse the COVID-19 vaccine injection. The results of this study indicate that vaccine decisions for individuals change when internal factors are the view that exposure to the COVID-19 virus is not harmful to body conditions, is intervened by external factors in the form of pressure from government policies that require the public to receive vaccine injections. This shows that external factors have greater power in driving individual decisions to take the COVID-19 vaccine than internal factors. This study uses a qualitative approach with primary data collection techniques through in-depth interviews with individuals who initially refused vaccine injections and then decided to receive COVID-19 vaccine injections.