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"Skripsi ini membahas mengenai Asas Rebus Sic Stantibus sebagai alat untuk mengantisipasi perubahan keadaan secara fundamental serta penerapannya dalam kasus, dengan metode penelitian kepustakaan dan data pendukung tambahan berupa wawancara. Pada dasarnya para pihak dalam perjanjian tunduk pada sifat mengikat perjanjian (asas Pacta Sunt Servanda). Namun hal tersebut bukanlah hal yang bersifat mutlak. Dalam perkembangannya, asas Rebus Sic Stantibus menjelma kedalam berbagai istilah, seperti hardship dalam UNIDROIT Principles. Asas Rebus Sic Stantibus/hardship dapat dijadikan dasar penyesuaian ataupun pengakhiran perjanjian akibat perubahan keadaan fundamental selama memenuhi syarat-syarat maupun unsur-unsurnya. Indonesia sendiri tidak mengadopsi atau menerapkan asas Rebus Sic Stantibus melainkan hanya menerapkan force majeure (keadaan memaksa) dalam KUHPerdata untuk mengantisipasi ataupun menyelesaikan permasalahan akibat perubahan keadaan, meskipun secara beririsan memiliki kesamaan namun dalam beberapa hal kedua asas tersebut berbeda. Asas Rebus Sic Stantibus/hardship sangat diperlukan untuk mengantisipasi perubahan keadaan yang bersifat fundamental, terutama untuk perjanjian berjangka waktu panjang dan nilai investasi yang besar.

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This thesis explains about Rebus Sic Stantibus Principle as instrument to anticipate a fundamental change of circumtances and it application in the case, with use library research methods and additional supporting material such as interview. Basically, the parties have to obedient with the binding nature of agreement (Pacta Sunt Servanda Principle). But that isn't an absolute thing. During it development, Rebus Sic Stantibus Principle transformed into a variety of terms, such as hardship in UNIDROIT Principles. Hardship can be used as a basis adjustment or terminate of the agreement due to fundamental change of circumtances as long as fulfilled the terms and elements.

Indonesia didn't adopt or apply Rebus Sic Stantibus Principle, but only apply force majeure in the Civil Code to anticipate or resolve problems which is resulted from change of circumtance condition, although in overlap are similar but in some ways both of principles are different. Rebus Sic Stantibus/hardship clause is necessary to anticipate fundamental change of circumtances, especially for long-term agreement and high value investment."

"This article examines the dynamic of poor women identities in Boyolali through their knowledge on needs, ways to meet needs, means of expressing interest, and how local leaders facilitating aspirations of the poor. There is knowledge diversity and pattern of political action among the women in encountering poverty-related hardship in the daily lives. This study emphasizes the need to understand diversity of poor women to elaborate women, household and the poverty issues."

"Hardship merupakan suatu keadaan fundamental yang telah mengubah keseimbangan kontrak yang diakibatkan oleh karena biaya pelaksanaan kontrak telah meningkat sangat tinggi atau karena nilai pelaksanaan kontrak bagi pihak yang menerima sangat menurun. Aturan mengenai hardship berkembang dalam praktik hukum kontrak internasional, yang menentukan bahwa dalam hal apabila pelaksanaan kontrak menjadi lebih berat bagi salah satu pihak, pihak tersebut bagaimanapun juga terikat melaksanakan perikatannya dengan tunduk pada ketentuan tentang kesulitan. Namun demikian, tidak semua negara menganutnya dalam hukum positif. Seperti Indonesia dan Prancis pada awalnya, tidak mengakui prinsip tersebut ke dalam hukum perdatanya.Adapun penelitian ini bersifat yuridis normatif, dengan tujuan untuk melakukan perbandingan atas penerapan prinsip hardship di Indonesia dan Prancis. Dari perbandingan penerapan prinsip hardship di antara kedua negara tersebut, maka dapat dilihat bahwa baik Indonesia dan Prancis pada awalnya, tidak memiliki ketentuan hukum mengenai hardship dalam hukum perdatanya masing-masing. Untuk itu, dalam menyelesaikan perkara mengenai hardship baik Indonesia dan Prancis menggunakan prinsip hukum yang telah berlaku seperti itikad baik atau ketentuan hukum mengenai keadaan memaksa force majeure . Pada perkembangannya, Prancis telah mengakui dan memiliki aturan tentang prinsip hardship dalam hukum perdatanya. Belajar dari pengalaman Prancis, hukum perdata Indonesia juga harus bisa lebih adaptif terhadap terjadinya perubahan keadaan fundamental dengan dibuatnya aturan mengenai hardship.

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Hardship is a fundamental condition in which the balance of a contract has been altered due to either the increased cost of contract execution or the value of contract implementation for the receiving party has greatly decreased. Regulation concerning hardship evolves in the legal practice of international contract, in which it determines that in the case where the execution of a contract becomes more severe for either party, the party shall in any case be bound by its agreement subject to the provisions of difficulty. However, not all countries implement this principle in their positive law, for instance in the earlier years both Indonesia and France did not recognize this principle in their civil law.The method used in this research is a juridical normative method, with the purpose to do a comparison between the implementation of hardship principle in Indonesia and in France. From this comparison it can be seen that both Indonesia and France initially do not have legal provisions regarding hardship in their respective civil law. Therefore, in solving cases involving hardship both Indonesia and France use other principle such as good faith or force majeure. Fast forward to recent year, France now has acknowledged and has regulated the principle of hardship in its civil law. Learning from France rsquo s experience, Indonesia civil law should also be more adaptive to changes on fundamental condition with the creation of regulation on hardship."

"This research takes a serial drama entitled Orkes Madun (OM-I-IV) written by Arifin C Noer, which consists of four plays as its corpus. They are:Madekur dan Tarkeni atawa Orkes Madun Bagian Satu (OM-I, 1973); II Orkes Madun 2A/Umang-Umang (OM-II,1976); III Orkes Madun IIB atawa Sandek Pemuda Pekerja (OM-III, 1979); and IV Ozone atawa Orkes Madun IV (OM-IV, 1989). There are two main aspects of text, they are dramatic text and performance text. There are four important elements in every structure of the dramatic text, namely dramatic shape, character, dialogue, and stage directions (Aston, 1991).The aim of this research is: 1. To find out the characteristic of the dramatic text structure, especially its character element and characterization, as well as its plot of OM-I-IV; 2. To reveal the theme and its message of OM-I-IV; and 3. To unravel the thread which unites those four plays or a single long play (OM-I-IV). This research is a qualitative research using a structural and semiotic approach. There are three steps to reach the goal. First, analyzing textually the structure of the dramatic text OMI-IV, especially the characteristic of its characters and plot. Second, analyzing semiotically the sign-system of the character and plot, especially to reveal the meaning of the message as well as its characters. Third, analyzing by using the inter-textual approach to find out the difference and the likeness of those four plays, and also to unravel the thread, which unites them. The conclusion as the outcome of this research can be drawn as follows: 1.1 The dramatic text of OM-I-IV can be classified as a radical dramatic text, tragicomedy drama, drama of idea, or symbolical drama. 1.2 WASKA (WK) as the central character, is able to develop a dramatic plot, so that, he can play the role as the thread that unites those four plays in OM-I-IV. 1.3 The character of SEMAR (SM) has a doubled role, (a) as a director of the performance of OM-I-IV which is performed by KS-RBD; (b) as the leader of KSRBD; (c) as the central character of WK to the whole plays of OM-I-IV; (d) as the narrator, authoritative source, guide, commentator, and evaluator. 1.4 The structure of every play in a serial performance of OM-I-IV is in the structure of every play in OM-I-IV, or theatre in theatre (mise en abyme). It means that the serial play of OM-I-IV directed by SM is performed in the serial play of OM-I-IV1.5 There are three main plots in OM-I-IV; they are NB plot, BD/SM plot, and WK plot.1.6 There are four core plots; they are MAD plot, WK-II plot, SD plot, and WK- IV plot. These four core plots are in the frame of the main plot WK.1.7 The plot characteristic of OM-I IV is loose, double or layers, and progressive linear with variation. The technical plot is flash back and back tracking.2.1 The central theme of OM-I-IV is poverty while the message talks about the ways to fight against and come out from poverty and hardship. 2.2 The meaning of theme and message conveyed in OM-I-IV is to fight against poverty and hardship by (a) picpocketing or prostituting oneself (OM-1); (b) universal robbing; (c) demanding freedom of speech to be heard by others, striking of silence, eat, and work, also, universal striking (OM-III); and (d) doing trial in many ways to die for the impotence to bear suffering in holding punishment to live in world (OM-IV) in the serial drama of OM-I-IV that, apparently, can not solve the emerged problem. 2.3 The punishment to live beyond human's common sense, capability, and God's will is proved much horrifying to feel and go through rather than the most terrible punishment to die in the universe. 2.4 The destruction of human culture and civilization in the world, sea, and sky, including the ozone holes, is brought by human's misbehavior, mistake, and hard sins. Furthermore, as the balance for such human's mistakes and sins, he fulfils his cultural duty for its solution. There are some urgent examples as shown follows (a) cleaning up the world, sea, sky, and human himself; (b) assisting the mission pioneered by SD in the end of OM-III, and continued by SDM (the next, new generation) with his effort to eliminate all what make the mistakes and sins happened, including the wrong framing system firstly made. If necessary, the old system may be replaced and reformed to be a new, fresh, appropriate system as the current time demands. The new era. The Reformation era. 3.0 The threads which unities these four plays in OM-I-IV are: 3.1 the poverty as the central theme; 3.2 WK who serves as the central character; 3.3 SM who serves as the director of performed theatre in the play of OM-I-IV, and 3.4 the three main plots are the plots of NB, BD or SM, and WK."

"ABSTRAKSemakin banyak studi yang menunjukkan bahwa di saat krisis kemanusiaan, tingkat pernikahan dini meningkat yang sebagian besar berdampak pada anak perempuan. Berdasarkan data yang dihimpun oleh Human Right Watch di Bangladesh, 62 persen pernikahan dini selama lima tahun terakhir terjadi 12 bulan setelah bencana topan di tahun 2007. Hingga saat ini, sebagian besar studi mengenai pernikahan dini di saat situasi darurat dilakukan oleh lembaga swadaya masyarakat internasional yang sebagian besar merupakan penelitian kualitatif. Penelitian ini berupaya untuk mengisi kesenjangan literatur yang ada dengan meneliti dampak dari bencana alam terhadap keputusan rumah tangga mengenai pernikahan dini.Dengan menggabungkan SUSENAS 2015 dengan PODES 2011 dan PODES 2014, regresi logistik digunakan untuk menyelidiki faktor determinan-terutama bencana alam, yang memengaruhi keputusan pernikahan dini pada perempuan yang menikah pada periode tahun 2008-2013. Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa bencana alam secara positif memengaruhi peluang seorang perempuan untuk menikah dini di Indonesia. Di saat kesejahteraan rumah tangga menurun akibat bencana alam, pernikahan dini merupakan suatu pilihan yang tersedia bagi rumah tangga untuk menjaga tingkat konsumsinya. Selain itu, mitigasi bencana secara signifikan mengurangi peluang pernikahan dini yang menunjukkan peran dari kesiagaan suatu komunitas terhadap bencana guna mengurangi kerugian dari bencana alam. Studi ini menunjukkan perlunya bantuan terhadap kelompok paling rentan selama krisis, dengan mengatasi hambatan dalam bidang pendidikan, dan permasalahan akses terhadap sumber daya sehingga pernikahan dini tidak lagi menjadi satu-satunya jalan bagi rumah tangga untuk bertahan dari bencana alam. Kata Kunci: Bencana Alam, Kesulitan Ekonomi, Smoothing Konsumsi, Pernikahan Dini.

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ABSTRACTA number of studies show that in times of humanitarian crisis, child marriage practices increase, which heavily affects girls. According to data gathered by Human Rights Watch in Bangladesh, 62 percent of child marriages in the last five years occurred in the 12 months following the 2007 cyclone. Until now, most of the research on child marriage in emergency situations has only been conducted by international NGOs, most of which are qualitative studies and take place in South Asian and African countries. This study intends to fill those gaps by examining the impact of natural disasters on households rsquo decisions on child marriage in Indonesia.Logistic regression is used to examine the determinant factors of being in a child marriage for women who married in the period 2008 2013. This study finds that natural disasters positively affect the possibility of child marriage incidence in Indonesia. When households face adverse welfare effects from natural disasters, child marriage is one of the options for them to smooth consumption. Furthermore, disaster mitigation is found to significantly reduce the possibility of child marriage, which shows the role of a community rsquo s natural disaster preparedness in lessening the devastating shocks of disasters. This study implies the importance of government assistance for the most vulnerable members of communities in a crisis. "

"Badan Usaha Milik Daerah Perusahaan Daerah Pembangunan Sarana Jaya DKI Jakarta merupakan salah satu pelaku usaha bidang properti yang keuntungan atau kerugiannya dapat berdampak langsung kepada penghasilan Pemerintah Provinsi DKI Jakarta melalui Pendapatan Asli Daerah PAD, dalam melakukan kegiatan usahanya PD. Pembangunan Sarana Jaya melakukan kerjasama dengan pihak lain untuk mendayagunakan aset-aset yang dimiliki secara maksimal untuk menghasilkan keuntungun bagi perusahaan. Kerjasama terebut salah satunya dalam bentuk perjanjian Build Operatae and Transfer BOT atau dalam hukum indonesia dikenal dengan nama perjanjian Bangun Guna Serah BGS perjanjian BOT memiliki 3 tiga tahapan yaitu build/membangun operate/mengelola dan transfer/menyerahkan kepada pemilik lahan, perjanjian BOT merupakan perjanjian dengan jangka waktu dan biaya investasi tinggi sehingga perjanjian harus dibuat dengan baik dan benar dan telah mengakomodir segala kemungkinan yang terjadi untuk jangka waktu perjanjian, penerapan dan pelakanaan perjanjian BOT oleh PD. Pembangunan Sarana Jaya terikat oleh aturan-aturan yang diterbitkan oleh pemeintah baik pusat maupun daerah, sehingga asas kebebasan berkontrak tidak dapat diterapkan secara mutlak dalam menyusun perjanjian, dalam perjanjian dikenal adanya asas pacta sun servanda yang berarti bahwa perjanjian mengikat para pihak dan menjadi undang-undang yang harus ditepati dan dijalankan, adanya opsi perpanjangan pengelolaan dalam perjanjian BOT di PD. Pembangunan Sarana Jaya berpotensi menimbulkan masalah, asas Rebus Sic Stantibus yang berarti perubahan suatu keadaan yang fundamental dapat dijadikan dasar untuk salah satu pihak melakukan renegosiasi atas suatu perjanjian terlebih perjanjian yang berjangka waktu panjang dan dengan biaya besar, asas Rebus Sic Statibus diwujudkan dalam klausul hardship dalam suatu perjanjian.

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DKI Jakarta's State Owned Enterprise Pembangunan Sarana Jaya Local Company Perusahaan Daerah Pembangunan Sarana Jaya is one of the business actor in the property line of business whose profit or losses may directly affect to the DKI Jakarta Local Government's revenue through the Original Regional Revenues Pendapatan Asli Daerah PAD , in conduting their business activities, PD Pembangunan Sarana Jaya commences mutual cooperation with other parties to use effectively the owned assets in maximum to produce profit for company. One of the cooperation is in Build Operate and Transfer BOT agreement or in Indonesia Law is known as Bangun Guna Serah BGS agreement. BOT agreement has 3 three stages which are build, operate and transfer to the land owner, BOT Agreement is the agreement with certain period of time and high investment cost therefore such agreement must be made well and correct and already accomodate all possibilities who may occur during the time period, application and execution of BOT Agreement by PD Pembangunan Sarana Jaya is bound with regulations issued by the central government or local government, therefore the freedom of contract principle cannot be absolutely applied in drafting the agreement, in the agreement is already known the pacta sun servand principle which means that agreement binds the parties and becomes law that must be fulfilled and executed, the management extension option in PD Pembangunan Sarana Jaya's BOT Agreement potentially create issues, Rebus sic Stantibus principle which means the fundamental change of condition on which could be the basis to one of parties conduct renegotiation of the agreement even more the agreement who has long period of time and with big cost, Rebus sic Stantibus principle is transformed in hardship clause in the agreement."