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Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini mengkaji aspek bioekologi dan potensi pemanfaatan berkelanjutan kupu-kupu G. androcles di Kawasan Taman Nasional Bantimurung- Bulusaraung TN Babul dan Taman Wisata Alam Nanggala III TWA Nanggala III , Sulawesi Selatan. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan April 2014 ndash; Maret 2015. Untuk mengetahui ciri habitat pakan digunakan metode analisis vegetasi. Aspek biologi G. androcles dipelajari dengan penangkaran semi alami. Data potensi pemanfaatan G. androcles secara berkelanjutan diperoleh dengan metode kuesioner dan dianalisis secara deskriptif - kualitatif dalam metode analisis SWOT. Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kelimpahan G. androcles tertinggi di area wisata Pattunuang 45 ekor , dan terendah di area wisata Bantimurung 16 ekor . Habitat pakan G. androcles didominasi oleh pohon Canangium odoratum INP 50,88 di Pattunuang, Cinnamomum sp. INP 33,8 di Bantimurung, Ficus racemosa INP 54,4 di Salu Tandung, dan Ardisia purpurea INP 50,4 di Puncak. Kupu-kupu G. androcles dijumpai pada bulan Juni - Nopember 2014 dengan curah hujan bulanan rendah 0 ndash; 160 mm , suhu udara 29 - 300C, kelembapan 54 - 65 , dan intensitas cahaya 33 ndash; 1180 lux. Kelimpahan G. androcles berkaitan dengan kondisi habitat dan ketersediaan tumbuhan pakannya. Graphium androcles meletakkan telur pada pucuk daun Uvaria rufa. Tumbuhan penghasil nektar adalah Hibiscus rosasinensis, Ixora sp., Lantana camara, Dendrobium phalaenopsis, Clorodendrum thomsonae, Cromolaena odorata, dan Eupatorium inufolia. Siklus hidup G. androcles dalam upaya penangkaran hingga mencapai tahap dewasa berkisar 46 ndash; 65 hari. Kegagalan tahap telur diakibatkan oleh serangan Camponotus sp. di alam, dan jamur saat di penangkaran. Serangan parasitoid Aloeides indiscritus dijumpai pada larva instar ketiga. Kegagalan pupa disebabkan oleh pembentukan yang tidak sempurna, dan serangan patogen sehingga pupa menghitam. Tingkat keberhasilan G. androcles dalam upaya penangkaran belum bisa termati hingga tahap kopulasi. Alur perdagangan G. androcles di kawasan TN Babul terdiri dari penangkap, pengrajin, pedagang, pengumpul, dan pembeli. Di kawasan TWA Nanggala III tidak ditemukan pengrajin. Kehadiran G. androcles berpotensi sebagai ajang promosi di area wisata Bantimurung. Hasil analisis SWOT menunjukkan bahwa potensi pemanfaatan G. androcles di TN Babul berbeda dengan di TWA Nanggala III. Di kawasan TN Babul, faktor kekuatan-peluang lebih tinggi 4,78 dibandingkan dengan kelemahan-ancaman 2,15 , sehingga pengelolaannya dapat terlaksana. Di kawasan TWA Nanggala III, faktor kelemahan - ancaman mempunyai bobot yang lebih besar 3,48 dibandingkan dengan kekuatan - peluang 1,59 , sehingga dibutuhkan strategi khusus dalam pengelolaan secara berkelanjutan.Kata kunci: Bioekologi, habitat, kupu-kupu, tumbuhan inang, penangkaran, Graphium androcles.

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ABSTRACT
This study examines the bioecological aspects and potential of sustainable ultilization of G. androcles in Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park area Babul NP and Nanggala III Nature Park Nanggala III NP in South Sulawesi. The study was conducted on April 2014 March 2015. Vegetation analysis were performed to determine the characteristics habitat and food plants of G. androcles. Biological aspects of G. androcles were obtained through captive breeding. Data of the utilization potential of G. androcles were obtained by questionnaire method and analyzed in descriptive qualitative using SWOT analysis method. The results showed that the highest of G. androcles abundance was found at Pattunuang recreation area 45 individuals , and the lowest was at Bantimurung recreation area 16 individuals . The habitat and food plants of G. androcles was dominated by Canangium odoratum trees INP 50.88 in Pattunuang, Cinnamomum sp. INP 33.8 in Bantimurung, Ficus racemosa INP 54.4 in Salu Tandung and Ardisia purpurea INP 50.4 in Puncak area. Graphium androcles was found during at the dry season June November 2014 with low monthly rainfall 0 160 mm , air temperature 29 300C, humidity 54 65 , and light intensity 33 1180 lux. Graphium androcles lays its eggs on the leaves of Uvaria rufa Annonaceae . The nectar plants are Hibiscus rosasinensis, Ixora sp., Lantana camara, Dendrobium phalaenopsis, Clorodendrum thomsonae, Cromolaena odorata, and Eupatorium inufolia. The Life cycle of G. androcles in rearing experiment to reach adult stage ranges from 46 to 65 days. The failures of egg stages were caused by attacked by Camponotus sp. at nature and was fungi in captive breeding. The parasitoid attack of Aloeides indiscritus is found in third instar larvae. The failure of pupa is caused by imperfect formation, and pathogen attack so black pupa. The success rate of G. androcles at rearing experiment is still low and can not be reached until it copulates. The trading flow of G. androcles at Babul NP consists of catchers, craftsmen, merchants, and buyers. In the area of Nanggala III NP, no craftsmen were found. The presence of G. androcles has potential as a promotional and iconic event in Bantimurung recreation area. The results of SWOT analysis for the sustainable use of G. androcles at Babul NP differ with at Nanggala III NP. At the Babul NP area represents a higher probability strength factor 4,78 compared with threat weakness 2,15 , so that management can be accomplished. In the Nanggala III NP area, the weakness threat factor were greater weight 3,48 than the opportunity strength 1,59 , so different strategy will be needed for sustainable management. Keywords Bioecology, habitats, butterflies, hostplant, breeding experiment, Graphium androcles.

Abstrak :
This reference work gathers all of the latest technologies, information, definitions and explanations of spacecraft life support systems, while providing in-depth coverage of the current knowledge of the business of keeping astronauts alive during their missions. It is intended that this MRW be the go-to reference work not only for aerospace engineers, but also for graduate and undergraduate aerospace engineers and space scientists. The area of spacecraft life support is comprised of dozens of specialties and sub-specialties within the fields of engineering, biophysics, and medicine. As space agencies around the world pursue cutting-edge life support technologies, much more information and data is accumulated. When humans move out into the solar system to stay for long durations, the most immediate challenge will be the provision of reliable and robust life support systems in locations devoid of food, air, and water. These life support systems must provide these commodities in each phase of spaceflight, including intra-vehicular activity (IVA) and extra-vehicular activity (EVA). Systems supporting human life must also fulfill myriad requirements: exceptional reliability in the space environment, allowing maintenance and component replacement in space; reduced resupply mass of consumables and spares; the ability to utilize local planetary resources for self sufficiency; and minimized mass power and volume requirements. These requirements will assume ever greater importance as bolder missions are envisioned and more sophisticated life support systems are required. For example, the next decade could see human missions to Mars and a return to the Moon. In the not-so-distant future, there is the prospect of Mars One and the creation of a permanent extraterrestrial colony. It may appear that a suitable environment can be created simply by reproducing terrestrial environmental conditions within a vehicle. In reality, it is first necessary to define the environmental characteristics humans require and match these requirements with the myriad design constraints. This is no easy task, because implementing these environmental parameters within a spacecraft can be challenging, while balancing the various requirements and constraints can test the abilities of even the most gifted aerospace engineer. Yet it is a crucial field of study and the experts contributing to this volume are on the very front lines.

Abstrak :
This book gives an up-to-date overview of changes in ecology, climate and use of the entire Eurasian steppe area and their effects on livelihoods of steppe people. It integrates knowledge that so far was available only in a spectrum of locally used languages.