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"The research was focussed on the effects of production , trade and macro economic policies on the real price, level of protection and the achievement of estate crop commodities, naeley cocoa, coffee, rubber, tea and crude palm oil (CPO), in the Indonesian domestic market. The method of analyses used includes the decomposition of relative prices of estate crop commodities and direct, indirect and total protection rates. The results show that the real prices of main estate crops in the period of 1985 - 1997 experienced, a decrease compared to that 1979 - 1985. However in the period of 1997 - 2005, the real prices of cocoa and rubber, but not for coffee , tea and CPO , showed an increase compared to the preceding periods. The indirect protection , in general indicated an increase, however, the direct protection, showed a decrease. In total , the rate protection of the estate crops resulted in positive value eventhough it seamed to decrease from time to time. Term of trade of estate crops againts the importing sugar, from 1979 to 1997 showed a decrease but they were still in positive values. The decreasing performance o of main estate crops would be more significant with respect to the capacity to import. In the future , it is suggested , it is seggested that the government of Indonesia should adjust its interventions continuosly by taking into account tha international price movements of main estate crops to give incentives t to producers and exporters. in general indicated "

"Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh tingkat korupsi, keberadaan komisi anti korupsi, dan intervensi pemerintah terhadap pengambilan risiko bank di Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, dan Korea Selatan pada tahun 1995-2016 dengan menggunakan metode analisis fixed effect model GLS. Variabel dalam penelitian ini dibagi menjadi variabel korupsi, variabel spesifik bank, variabel mikroekonomi, variabel dummy, dan variabel interaksi untuk estimasi pengambilan risiko bank. Menggunakan data 76 bank dari negara Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, dan Korea Selatan selama 21 tahun, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa bank melakukan transaksi yang lebih berisiko di negara dengan tingkat korupsi yang tinggi. Intervensi pemerintah ketika terjadinya krisis finansial juga meningkatkan pengambilan risiko bank. Namun kegiatan berisiko bank tersebut diminimalkan dengan keberadaan komisi anti korupsi. Selain itu, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa intervensi pemerintah memperkuat pengaruh tingkat korupsi terhadap pengambilan risiko bank karena moral hazard yang tinggi serta pengawasan yang rendah.

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This paper aims to addresses the impact of corruption, anti corruption commission, and government intervention on bank rsquo s risk taking using banks in Asian Countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and South of Korea during the period 1995 2016. This paper uses corruption variable, bank specific variables, macroeconomic variables, dummy variables, and interaction variable to estimate bank rsquo s risk taking variable. Using data from 76 banks in Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand and South Korea over 21 years, this research finds consistent evidence that higher level of corruption and government intervention in crisis situation will increase the risk taking behaviour of banks. In the other hand, bank risk taking behaviour minimized by the existence of anti corruption commission. In addition, this paper also finds that government intervention amplifies corruption rsquo s effect on bank rsquo s risk taking behaviour because of strong signs of moral hazard and weaknesses in the governance and supervision."