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"Kambing Saanen merupakan salah satu kambing perah penghasil susu yang baik. Guna meningkatkan efisiensi reproduksi kambing Saanen, dikembangkan teknologi inseminasi buatan (IB). Salah satu faktor pendukung keberhasilan IB yaitu tersedianya semen beku sesuai kriteria. Tujuan dari penelitian yaitu mengetahui pengencer semen yang optimal untuk semen beku kambing Saanen dengan membandingkan pengencer semen berbasis lesitin (Andromed®) dan liposom (Optixcell®) dengan penambahan maltosa 0,4%. Metode koleksi semen dilakukan dengan menggunakan vagina buatan. Semen kambing Saanen kemudian diperiksa secara makroskopis dan mikroskopis. Teknik penyimpanan semen beku dengan teknik kriopreservasi pada suhu -196ºC selama 10 menit. Evaluasi kualitas semen meliputi motilitas, viabilitas, dan membran plasma utuh (MPU). Hasil yang diperoleh diuji secara statistik dengan uji ANAVA satu faktor kemudian uji Tukey. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbedaan nyata (P>0,05) pada nilai rata-rata persentase motilitas perlakuan Andromed® (50,83±3,76); Andromed® + Maltosa 0,4% (50,83±3,76); Optixcell® (50,83±3,76); Optixcell® + Maltosa 0,4% (48,33±6,06), nilai rata-rata persentase viabilitas Andromed® (54,67±3,50); Andromed® + Maltosa 0,4% (54,50±2,51); Optixcell® (56,50±3,45); Optixcell® + Maltosa 0,4%(52,83±5,78), dan nilai rata-rata persentase MPU spermatozoa Andromed® (56,00±3,80); Andromed® + Maltosa 0,4% (56,50±5,47); Optixcell® (53,83±5,31); Optixcell® + Maltosa 0,4% (53,33±6,06). Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa pengencer semen liposom menghasilkan kualitas yang sama baik dengan pengencer semen berbasis lesitin dan penambahan maltosa 0,4% pada pengencer semen berbasis liposom dan lesitin tidak berpengaruh terhadap kualitas semen beku kambing Saanen yang dihasilkan

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The Saanen goat is a notable domestic goat that performs nicely in dairy production, such as milk. Efforts to improve the reproduction efficiency of Saanen goats, include the development of artificial insemination (IB) technology. A significant factor that effect AI is the availability of frozen semen according to satisfactory criteria. This research aims to determine the optimal semen extender for Saanen goat frozen semen by comparing lecithin‒based extender (Andromed) and liposomes (Optixcell) when added 0.4% maltose. Semen collection utilises artificial vagina, then is examined macroscopically and microscopically. The semen storage technique used in this study was the cryopreservation technique at -196 for 10 minutes. Criteria of semen quality includes motility, viability, and intact plasma membrane. The result obtained were statistically tested with the ANAVA one way factor test then Tukey test. The result showed that there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the average value of the motility percentage of treatments Andromed (50.83±3.76); Andromed + Maltosa 0.4% (50.83±3.76); Optixcell (50.83±3.76); Optixcell + Maltosa 0.4% (48.33±6.06), viability Andromed (54.67±3.50); Andromed + Maltosa 0.4% (54.50±2.51); Optixcell (56.50±3.45); Optixcell + Maltosa 0.4% (52.83±5.78), and intact plasma membrane Andromed® (56.00±3.80); Andromed + Maltosa 0.4% (56.50±5.47); Optixcell (53.83±5.31); Optixcell + Maltosa 0.4% (53.33±6.06). The results of the study concluded that the liposomes extender produced the same quality as the lecithin-based extender and the addition of 0.4% maltose in liposomes and lecithin‒based extender had no effect on the quality of the frozen semen Saanen goat."

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Kambing Saanen merupakan kambing perah yang dapat menghasilkan susu mencapai 2.695,3 kg dalam satu masa laktasi. Salah satu upaya untuk meningkatkan efisiensi reproduksi serta meningkatkan kualitas kambing perah yaitu penerapan teknik Inseminasi Buatan (IB). Dalam proses pembekuan semen untuk inseminasi buatan, pengenceran semen dan pemberian krioprotektan berpengaruh terhadap kualitas semen beku yang dihasilkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penambahan maltosa dengan berbagai konsentrasi ke dalam pengencer berbasis liposom (Optixcell^®) terhadap kualitas spermatozoa kambing Saanen selama kriopreservasi. Penampungan semen dilakukan dengan metode vagina buatan, lalu dilanjutkan dengan pemeriksaan makroskopis dan mikroskopis. Selanjutnya, semen diproses menjadi semen beku menggunakan nitrogen cair -196°C dan setiap tahap kriopreservasi dilakukan evaluasi secara mikroskopis dengan parameter motilitas, viabilitas, dan membran plasma utuh. Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan empat perlakuan dan enam ulangan. Empat perlakuan terdiri dari kontrol (OK); Optixcell^®+Maltosa 0,2% (O2); Optixcell^®+Maltosa 0,4% (O4); Optixcell^®+Maltosa 0,6% (O6). Data penelitian diuji menggunakan Analisis Varian (ANAVA) satu faktor. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidak adanya perbedaan nyata (P>0,05) pada nilai rata-rata presentase motilitas, viabilitas, dan membran plasma utuh. Penambahan maltosa ke dalam pengencer berbasis liposom (Optixcell^®) tidak memiliki pengaruh dalam mempertahankan kualitas semen beku kambing Saanen.

 

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Saanen goat is a dairy goat that can produce milk up to 2,695.3 kg in one lactation period. One of the way to improve reproductive efficiency and quality of dairy goat by implementing Artificial Insemination (IB) techniques. During the process of freezing semen for artificial insemination, the extender and cryoprotectant agents affect the quality of frozen semen produced. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of maltose addition into liposome based extender (Optixcell^®) on quality of Saanen goat during cryopreservation. Semen was collected using artificial vagina, then immediately evaluated in macroscopic and microscopic. Furthermore, the semen was processed into a frozen semen using liquid nitrogen -196°C and every cryopreservation steps were evaluated microscopically using sperm quality parameters such as motility, viability, and membrane integrity. The experimental design was RAL with four treatments and six repetition. Four treatments consisted of Controls (K); Optixcell^®+Maltose 0,2% (O2); Optixcell^®+Maltose 0,4% (O4); Optixcell^®+Maltose 0,6% (O6). The data were analyzed by one way ANAVA. In conclusion, there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in average percentage of motility, viability, and membrane integrity. Addition of maltose to liposome based extender (Optixcell^®) has no significantly to maintain the quality of frozen semen Saanen goat.

 

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"Kambing saanen merupakan jenis kambing penghasil susu yang potensial dikembangkan di Indonesia. Keberhasilan inseminasi buatan (IB) dengan semen beku sangat dipengaruhi oleh kualitas semen beku. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penambahan maltosa pada tiga konsentrasi berbeda (0,2%, 0,4%, dan 0,6%) ke dalam pengencer semen berbasis lesitin (Andromed®) terhadap kualitas spermatozoa kambing saanen selama kriopreservasi. Metode penampungan semen menggunakan vagina buatan, semen kambing saanen diperiksa secara makroskopis dan mikroskopis. Teknik penyimpanan semen beku dengan teknik kriopreservasi pada suhu -196ºC selama 10 menit. Evaluasi kualitas semen meliputi viabilitas dan membran plasma utuh. Hasil yang diperoleh diuji secara statistik dengan uji ANAVA satu faktor. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbedaan nyata (P>0,05) pada nilai rata-rata persentase viabilitas dan membran plasma utuh pascathawing. Nilai rata-rata persentase viabilitas pascathawing pada perlakuan Andromed® + Maltosa 0% (54,67±3,50%); Andromed® + Maltosa 0,2% (53,57±3,88%); Andromed® + Maltosa 0,4% (54,50±2,51%); Andromed® + Maltosa 0,6% (51,67±3,39%). Nilai rata-rata persentase membran plasma utuh pascathawing pada perlakuan Andromed® + Maltosa 0% (56,00±3,80%); Andromed® + Maltosa 0,2% (55,50±4,23%); Andromed® + Maltosa 0,4% (56,50±5,47%); Andromed® + Maltosa 0,6% (54,83±3,35%). Hasil Penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa penambahan maltosa dalam pengencer semen berbasis lesitin (Andromed®) tidak memiliki pengaruh dalam mempertahankan kualitas spermatozoa kambing saanen selama kriopreservasi.

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Saanen goat is a type of goat that produces milk that potential to be developed in Indonesia. The success of artificial insemination (IB) with frozen semen is strongly influenced by the quality of frozen semen. This study aims to determine the effect of adding maltose at three different concentrations (0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.6%) to lecithin-based cement diluent (Andromed®) on the quality of saanen goat spermatozoa during cryopreservation. The semen collection method used an artificial vagina, and the semen of the saanen goat was examined macroscopically and microscopically. The technique for frozen semen storage was cryopreservation at -196ºC for 10 minutes. Evaluation of semen quality included viability and intact plasma membrane. The results obtained were tested statistically by one factor ANOVA test. The results showed that there was no significant difference (P> 0.05) in the mean value of the percentage of viability and intact plasma membrane post-thawing. The mean value of the percentage of post-thaw viability in the Andromed® + Maltose 0% (54.67 ± 3.50%); Andromed® + Maltose 0.2% (53.57 ± 3.88%); Andromed® + Maltose 0.4% (54.50 ± 2.51%); Andromed® + Maltose 0.6% (51.67 ± 3.39%). The mean value of post-thawing intact plasma membrane percentage in Andromed® + Maltose 0% (56.00 ± 3.80%); Andromed® + Maltose 0.2% (55.50 ± 4.23%); Andromed® + Maltose 0.4% (56.50 ± 5.47%); Andromed® + Maltose 0.6% (54.83 ± 3.35%). The results of the study conclude that the addition of maltose in lecithin-based cement diluent (Andromed®) did not affect in maintaining the spermatozoa quality of the saanen goat during cryopreservation."

"The present study was undertaken with primary objective to characterize of gembrong goat breeds. It is essential to characterize the germplasm for intragenetic variability, which will help in planning for conservation strategy as well as genetic improvement...."

"The research was aim to study the influence of the giving of the banana peel waste to performance of goat beans and to study were determined the best level to performance of goat beans. The research design use was a Randomized Block Design with four level treatment of banana peel waste and each treatment was repeated three times as block with basic block is body weight and each repeat consist of a goat bean. The research showed that utilization of banana peel waste give unsignificantly (P > 0.05) to feed compsumption, body weight gain, and feed convertion ratio and the best level of the giving of the banana peel waste is 5% with the lowest feed convertion ratio is 42,23."

"Goats and sheep are valuable as they are a source of meat, milk, fleece, and other products. These livestock are also important both for agriculture and biomedical research. However, the efficient, sustainable, and profitable production of these small ruminants faces major obstacles. Hence, this review analyzes these major challenges specifically, their negative impacts on the industry, and suggests some science-based solutions to overcome them. Those challenged areas are education and training, research, translational research/biotechnology, goat and sheep health, and maintenance of an economically sustainable agribusiness. The suggested solutions include the effective teaching of goat and sheep science to the next generation and public empowerment, support for innovative and translational research, disease prevention and treatment, support for technology transfer, and development of sound agribusiness practices. This review is helpful particularly for scientists, students, and the goat and sheep producers. In general, these information on the current state of goat and sheep agriculture will also help the public to better understand and appreciate the challenges met and opportunities provided in small ruminant production enterprises."

"Biofiltrasi skala laboratorium dilaksanakan dengan tujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh kedalaman medium filter dan waktu inkubasi dengan larutan nutrisi sintetik terhadap efisiensi reduksi N2O dan pertumbuhan mikroorganisme di dalam kompos berbasis kotoran kambing. Selain itu, diteliti juga pengaruh perubahan sifat fisis medium sebelum dan setelah biofiltrasi terhadap profil efisiensi reduksi yang dihasilkan. Penelitian dilakukan pada laju alir konstan sebesar 88 cc/menit dengan sistem aliran batch selama 12 jam. Efisiensi reduksi N2O terbaik dicapai sebesar 78,63% oleh kompos kedalaman 100 cm, dan 100% dengan sifat fisis paling stabil untuk kompos yang diinkubasikan selama 131 jam. Hasil kualitatif dan kuantitatif mikroorganisme di dalam kompos dengan uji SEM dan TPC menunjukkan bahwa kompos yang diinkubasi memiliki jumlah mikroorganisme terbanyak, disusul oleh kompos kering yang digunakan untuk biofiltrasi pada variasi kedalaman dan kompos awal.

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A laboratory-scale biofiltration was conducted to evaluate the effects of depth and incubation length by synthetic nutrition of goat-manure base bulk compost on the removal efficiency of N2O and the growth of microorganisms in the compost. Change of medium properties before and after biofiltration and the effects to reduction efficiency profile were also examined. Research was carried out at constant flow rate of 88 cc/min using batch flow system for 12 hours. The highest N2O removal efficiency is obtained at 78,63% for 100 cm-depth and 100% with the most stable physical properties for 131 hour-incubation time. Qualitative and quantitative observation of microorganisms in the compost observed by SEM and TPC showed the incubed compost had the most quantity of microorganisms, followed by dry compost used in depth variation and the initial compost."

"Gas dinitrogen monoksida (N2O) merupakan gas polutan yang berbahaya yang dihasilkan oleh asap buangan kendaraan dan proses industri. Gas ini dapat berefek buruk bagi kesehatan makhluk hidup dan dapat menyebabkan global warming. Banyak metode untuk meminimalisasi gas ini, seperti metode SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) dan SNCR ( Selective Non Catalytic Reduction). Karena tingginya biaya instalasi dan operasi, menjadikan kedua metode ini kurang efektif. Jadi, perlu dikembangkan metode biofilter untuk mengatasi keterbatasan tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan peralatan sederhana skala laboratorium untuk mengkaji breakthrough curve, parameter adsorpsi Langmuir dan Freundlich, pengaruh bentuk medium filter, dan perbandingan kemampuan kompos dalam proses adsorpsi dengan proses biosorpsi. Penelitian dilakukan dengan laju alir N2O sebesar 88 cc/menit dengan sistem semibacth selama 9 jam untuk hari pertama. Eksperimen dilakukan sampai kurva mencapai kondisi jenuh. Larutan CuSO4(microbial poisoning dose) 2g/l ditambahkan untuk membunuh aktivitas bakteri pendegradasi di dalam kompos. Persamaan Langmuir mempresentasikan data yang lebih baik daripada Freundlich. Proses biosorpsi kompos memiliki kemampuan reduksi N2O yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan proses adsorpsi. Kemampuan adsorpsi kompos kambing sebagai medium filter tanpa adanya bakteri pendegradasi akan dikaji dalam penelitian ini. KL dalam kompos pelet (-0,00043 m3/g) lebih besar daripada kompos serbuk (-0,00047 m3/g). qm dalam kompos pelet (0,873g N2O/g kompos) lebih besar daripada dalam kompos serbuk (0,748 g N2O/g kompos).

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N2O is a harmful gas that produced by industrial process and vehicles. This gas can be very dangerous in human health and cause global warming. There were many method to reduce it, such as SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) and SNCR (Selective Non Catalytic Reduction). Due to the cost in operation and process, make them ineffectively. Thus, biofilter will be the next solution for this problem.

A laboratory-scale biofiltration was done to evaluate breakthrough curve from adsorption process, Langmuir and Freundlich constant, the effect of filter media's form, and the comparison in compost's ability both biosorption and adsorption process. Research was done by using N2O's flow rate = 88 cc/min and semibatch flow system in 9 hours in first day. It continued until the curve will be saturated. An aqueous solution containing 2 g CuSO4 l-1(microbial poisoning dose) is used to eliminate any microbial activity.

Langmuir model represented better model than Freundlich model. The ability of goat-manure compost as filter media in reduce N2O's consentration without microorganism will be known from this research. KL in pellet compost (-0,00043 m3/g) higher than in bulk compost (-0,00047 m3/g). qm in pellet compost (0,873g N2O/g compost) higher than in bulk compost (0,748 g N2O/g compost). Biosorption had a better N2O's removal efficiency than adsorption."