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Abstrak :
The use of ultrasound in extraction process creates novel and interesting methodologies, which are often complementary to conventional extraction methods. In the present study, the use of ultrasound to extract oleoresin from ginger (Zingiber officinaleR.) was investigated. The extraction was performed by using ethanol as solvent in the presence of ultrasonic irradiations operating at frequency of 42 kHz at extraction temperature of 60oC. The oleoresin extracted was in the form of dark thick liquid with specific ginger flavor. Based on GC-MS analysis, the use of ultrasound was not give an effect on alteration of main component in ginger oleoresin. The main component in extracted ginger oleoresin was zingerone. Gingerol as one of the pungent principle of the ginger oleoresin was not detected due to decomposition of gingerol at a temperature above 45oC. Extraction rate of ultrasound-assisted extraction was about 1.75 times more rapid than a conventional system based on soxhlet. The scanning electron microscopy images provided more evidence for the mechanical effects of ultrasound, mainly appearing on cells? walls and shown by the destruction of cells, facilitating the release of their contents.

Abstrak :
Jahe merah merupakan tanaman herbal yang mengandung banyak senyawa fenolik yang mempunyai manfaat sebagai antioksidan dengan senyawa utamnya 6-gingerol. Namun, senyawa ini dan senyawa fenolik lainnya rentan terhadap suhu tinggi, cahaya, dan oksigen sehingga perlu dilakukan enkapsulasi dengan menggunakan polimer kitosan untuk melindungi senyawa bioaktif dari kerusakan dan juga sebagai pelepasan obat terkendali. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mendapatkan formulasi kapsul suplemen antioksidan mikropartikel kitosan - oleoresin jahe merah yang ditambahkan bahan eksipien agar dapt rilis di usus halus. Ekstrak oleoresin didapat dengan metode ekstraksi maserasi dengan pelarut etanol 96 dan didapatkan rendemen sebesar 6,06 , kadar 6-gingerol sebesar 5,997 mg/g, kandungan total senyawa fenolik sebesar 40,576 mg GAE/gr. Aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak oleoresin jahe merah ditunjukkan dengan parameter nilai IC50 DPPH sebesar 17 ppm. Ekstrak oleoresin dienkapsulasi dengan kitosan dengan efisiensi enkapsulasi sebesar 95,81 dan pemuatan obat sebesar 4,95. Mikropartikel yang terbentuk diisi ke dalam kapsul dengan penambahan eksipien berupa starch sebagai disintegrant dan magnesium stearat sebagai lubricant. Profil rilis kapsul dengan menggunakan alat disolusi metode keranjang menghasilkan burst release pada menit ke-30 di setiap medium gastrointestinal. Kapsul gelatin keras suplemen antioksidan formula 2 dengan komposisi 89,5 mikropartikel kitosan ndash;oleoresin, 10 starch, dan 0,5 magnesium stearat menunjukkan rilis yang paling rendah di dalam medium simulasi lambung SGF tetapi paling besar pada usus halus, sehingga formula 2 secara bioavailabilitas dapat rilis di dalam usus halus. ...... Ginger is one of spices that well known for the health benefit. Ginger containing 6 gingerol and other phenolic compounds that act as antioxidant activity. Bioactive compounds in ginger is sensitive to high temperature, pH, and light so encapsulation is needed for protecting the bioactive compounds from degradation and for controlling the drug release in gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this study is to get the formulation of antioxidant supplement capsule containing microparticle chitosan oleoresin extract from red ginger with addition of excipients and to get the release profile of the capsules in gastrointestinal simulated fluid. Oleoresin extract was obtained by macerasion extraction with the yield 6.06. 6 gingerol content is 5.997 mg gr DW, total phenolic content is 40.576 mgGAE gr DW and the IC50 DPPH of the oleoresin is 17.35 ppm. Oleoresin extract then was encapsulated using chitosan with the encapsulation efficiency is 95.81 and the loading capacity is 4.95. Hard gelatin capsule was filled with chitosan oleoresin microparticle, starch as disintegrant, and magnesium stearate as lubricant. Dissolution test was done by dissolution tester basket method. The release profile shown the burst release in each gastrointestinal simulated fluid. Antioxidant supplement hard gelatin capsule in formula 2 with the composition consisted of 89,5 chitosan oleoresin microparticle, 10 starch, and 0,5 magnesium stearatate show the lowest release in SGF but the highest release in SIF. the bioavailability of formula 2 can be released in the small intestine.

Abstrak :
Metode pengering beku dilakukan untuk preparasi matriks kitosan-alginat yang dimuati ekstrak oleoresin dari jahe merah untuk administrasi oral. Metode ini memiliki keuntungan dimana hilang nya zat aktif dalam proses preparasi dapat diminimalisir serta dapat menghasilkan persentase yield dan loading yang tinggi. Jahe telah diteliti mempunyai peran dalam pengobatan kanker, termasuk kanker kolom. Komponen [6]-gingerol dalam jahe telah diidentifikasi mempunyai peran dalam penekanan terhadap proses transformasi, hiperproliferasi, dan inflamasi di tahapan karsinogenesis, angiogenesis, serta metastasis. Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-Ray Diffraction, dan Infrared Spectroscopy digunakan untuk mengkarakterisasi matriks. Simulasi pelepasan obat in vitro juga dilakukan dalam simulated gastrointestinal fluids yang menghasilkan profil rilis untuk mempelajari efek komposisi kitosan-alginat terhadap rilis dari oleoresin. Alginate terbukti dapat menahan pelepasan oleoresin pada 2 jam pertama. Komposisi rasio kitosan:alginat terbaik yang didapatkan adalah 1:0.5. Profil rilis dari matriks mengindikasi adanya potensi matriks dapat menjadi sistem penghantar obat terkendali dengan kolon sebagai target hantaran dan metode pengeringan beku telah terbukti untuk menghasilkan persentase yield dan loading yang tinggi. ......Freeze drying method was used for preparing chitosan alginate matrices loaded with oleoresin extract of red ginger for oral administration. This method has the benefit of minimalizing the loss of active substance during preparation and was also expected to give a high yield and loading result. Ginger has been researched to act as an active substance in the treatment of cancer, including colon cancer. The 6 gingerol content of ginger has been identified to have a role in suppression of transformation, hyperproliferation and inflammation process in carcinogenesis, angiogenesis, and metastasis steps. Scanning Electron Microscopy, X Ray Diffraction, and Infrared Spectroscopy was used to characterize the matrices. An in vitro drug release simulation was done in simulated gastrointestinal fluids to obtain profile release in order to study the effect of chitosan alginate composition towards oleoresin release. Alginate was able to suppress the release of oleoresin in the first 2 hours. The best composition of chitosan to alginate ratio in matrix obtained was 1 0.5. The release profile obtained indicates the potential of these matrices being used as a controlled drug carrier for colon targeted delivery and freeze drying method was also proven to produce high yield and loading percentage of matrix. Controlled Release of Drugs, Ginger Oleoresin, Chitosan, Alginate, Colon Cancer, Matrix, Freeze Drying

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK Oleoresin jahe merah Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum menjadi senyawa alam yang dikembangkan sebagai bahan baku pembuatan obat. Mikroenkapsulasi merupakan cara melindungi komponen aktif oleoresin dari pengaruh lingkungan. Kitosan-alginat digunakan sebagai enkapsulan karena aman dikonsumsi dan stabil. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendapatkan formulasi mikropartikel kitosan-oleoresin-alginat yang memiliki efisiensi enkapsulasi dan pemuatan oleoresin tinggi, serta mendapatkan hasil analisis pengaruh konsentrasi alginat terhadap karakteristik pelepasan oleoresin dalam larutan sintetis gastrointestinal. Metode enkapsulasi yang digunakan adalah gelasi ionik yaitu menyalut 0,1 g oleoresin dengan polimer kitosan-alginat yang divariasikan berdasarkan rasio kitosan:alginat 1:0; 1:0,1; 1:0,25; serta 1:0,5 g. Maserasi dengan etanol 96 menghasilkan oleoresin dengan rendemen sebesar 7,64 serta kandungan total fenolik sebanyak 583,48 mgGAE/g. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan efisiensi enkapsulasi terbesar terdapat pada mikropartikel dengan alginat 0,1 g yaitu 97,53 dan pemuatan obat sebesar 6,27 . Penyalutan oleh alginat pada mikropartikel menyebabkan pelepasan oleoresin lebih sedikit dibandingkan dengan mikropartikel tanpa alginat. Mikropartikel tanpa alginat menghasilkan pelepasan kumulatif yang tinggi yaitu 52,93 dengan pola pelepasan cepat di media pH 1,2. Mikropartikel dengan alginat 0,1 g menunjukkan pola pelepasan cepat di media pH 7,4 dengan persentase pelepasan kumulatif terendah yaitu 25,8 . Hasil pengamatan pada uji pelepasan in vitro senyawa oleoresin jahe merah menunjukkan potensi formula ini digunakan sebagai obat atau suplemen dengan target sistem pencernaan.

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ABSTRACT Red ginger Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum oleoresin contains bioactive components which are increasingly being developed as a raw material for making drugs. Microencapsulation is the process of protecting the active ingredients oleoresin from environmental influences. Chitosan alginate is used as the coating material, because it is safe for consumption and stable. This research aims to obtain a formulation of oleoresin chitosan alginate microparticle with high encapsulation efficiency and high loading capacity, as well as analyze the effect of alginate concentration on the in vitro released profile of oleoresin. Encapsulation was using 0.1 g of oleoresin and 1 g of chitosan, which is coated with alginate 0.1 0.25 0.5 and 0 g respectively using ionic gelation method. Maceration using 96 ethanol obtained yield 7.64 and total phenolic content is 583.48 mgGAE g of oleoresin. Microencapsulation with 0.1 g of alginate resulted the largest encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity as high as 97.53 and 6.27 respectively. The controlled release of microparticles showed that alginate affected to lower the cummulative release than the microparticle without alginate. Microparticle without alginate were found showing highest cummulative release 52.93 with burst release profile in pH 1.2 solution. At the lower alginate mass 0.1 g , microparticle had the lowest release percentage 25.8 and showed burst release in pH 7.4 solution. In vitro controlled release of red ginger oleoresin can be regarded a promising candidates as medications or supplements for gastrointestinal drug delivery purpose.